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Using positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) scanning, our group previously demonstrated that smokers have lower levels than nonsmokers of translocator protein binding both acutely and following overnight abstinence. Here, we sought to determine the effects of longer smoking abstinence on this marker of gliosis for microglia and astroglia, as well as explore associations between the marker and smoking\u2010related symptoms. This observational study was performed in an academic VA medical centre. Fifty\u2010nine generally healthy Veterans who were either nonsmokers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) or smokers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200944) participated in the study. Participants completed an intake visit to evaluate for inclusion\/exclusion criteria, [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FEPPA PET\/CT scanning and a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. Smokers were alternately assigned either to smoke to satiety (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924) before scanning or undergo three nights of continuous abstinence prior to scanning using contingency management (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920 completed this protocol and scanning). The smoker satiety group had a significantly lower mean whole brain (WB) standardized uptake value (SUV) for [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FEPPA binding than both the nonsmoking (\u221215.3%) and abstinent smoker (\u221212.3%) groups. The nonsmoking control and abstinent smoker groups had mean WB SUVs that were not significantly different from one another (3.0% group difference). In an exploratory analysis, a significant inverse relationship was found between WB SUVs and mood ratings for smokers, indicating that higher levels of TSPO binding were associated with worse mood. The central findings here support previous studies demonstrating lower levels of the marker for gliosis in satiated smokers and imply normalization with elimination of cigarette smoke constituents from the body, although other explanations for study results (e.g., alterations in radioligand delivery or clearance of radioligand by cigarette smoke constituents) are possible. These findings may represent a previously unknown health benefit of quitting smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T17:21:38Z","timestamp":1743873698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Cigarette Smoking and 3\u2010Day Smoking Abstinence on Translocator Protein 18\u2009kDa Availability: A [<sup>18<\/sup>F]FEPPA Positron Emission Tomography Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur\u00a0L.","family":"Brody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Research VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry VA San Diego Healthcare System  San 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