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This study is a secondary analysis aimed at investigating changes in circulating immune and endocrine biomarkers in blood samples from three groups: (1) healthy controls (HC, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912), (2) AUD\u2014currently drinking, nontreatment seeking (CD, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099), and (3) AUD\u2014abstinent, treatment\u2010seeking (AB, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910; abstinent for at least 6 weeks). We hypothesized that both immune and endocrine biomarker concentrations would be different in AUD groups compared to healthy controls. Immune biomarkers included IL\u20108, IL\u201018, CCL2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101RA, IL\u20106, and IL\u201010. Endocrine biomarkers included brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glucagon\u2010like peptide 1 (GLP\u20101), ghrelin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), growth hormone, leptin, and insulin. Biomarker concentrations were compared between the three groups while controlling for age and sex, and associations between biomarker concentrations and behavioral measures were explored. IL\u20108 concentrations were elevated in AB compared to CD and HC (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2,29)\u2009=\u20096.33, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006, \u019e<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.318). BDNF concentrations were lower in AB compared to HC (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2,30)\u2009=\u20094.34, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02, \u019e<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.266). GLP\u20101 concentrations were higher in AB compared to HC (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2,25)\u2009=\u20094.22, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03, \u019e<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.287). Exploratory analyses in combined groups showed that measures of past drinking, AUD severity, and anxiety\/depression positively correlated with IL\u201018 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 and negatively correlated with BDNF. These results demonstrate that circulating concentrations of both immune and endocrine proteins are altered in abstinent individuals with a history of severe AUD (AB group) compared to healthy controls. In contrast, no group differences were observed for any biomarker between the nontreatment seeking, currently drinking people with AUD and the HC group. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for AUD severity, comorbidities, and treatment\u2010seeking status, especially when studying alcohol\u2010related biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T12:49:17Z","timestamp":1746190157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Circulating Immune and Endocrine Markers in Currently Drinking and Abstinent Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder and Controls"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ryan\u00a0E.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology (CPN) Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Vizioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interoceptive Disorders Unit, Office of the Clinical Director National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer\u00a0J.","family":"Barb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, Clinical Center, NIH  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Farokhnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology (CPN) Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Leggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology (CPN) Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"NIAAA \u201cAlcohol Facts and Statistics \u201d (2023) Retrieved 2024 04\/09\/2024 https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/alcohols\u2010effects\u2010health\/alcohol\u2010topics\/alcohol\u2010facts\u2010and\u2010statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.767506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CLD.0000000000000177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0085-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.264"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"331\u201341","article-title":"Neuroimmune Function and the Consequences of Alcohol Exposure","volume":"37","author":"Crews F. 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