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This large multicentre study investigated the associations between various markers of smoking behaviour and plasma progesterone concentrations using a sex\u2010segregating approach. We studied 747 males aged 18\u201365\u2009years and 158 peri\u2212\/postmenopausal females aged 50\u201365\u2009years and assessed differences in plasma progesterone concentrations between smokers and never\u2010smokers and associations of plasma progesterone concentrations with the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score, cigarette pack years, age at onset of regular smoking, number of cigarettes smoked daily, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), plasma cotinine and the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) score. In models adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), years of education, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores, intake of any medication and study centre, and after correction for multiple hypothesis testing, there were no significant differences in plasma progesterone concentrations between smokers and never\u2010smokers, and no significant associations between any of the mentioned markers of smoking behaviour and plasma progesterone concentrations in either males or females. The results suggest that smoking behaviour has no substantial effect on plasma progesterone concentrations and is not an important confounder in studies investigating progesterone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T06:19:59Z","timestamp":1754720399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["No Relevant Associations Between Markers of Smoking Behaviour and Plasma Progesterone Concentrations: Findings From a Sex\u2010Stratified Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Gihl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen  Erlangen 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