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This study identifies interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101\u03b2) in whole blood as a promising candidate biomarker of AUD risk, based on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores. Twenty\u2010eight non\u2013treatment\u2010seeking adults, with AUDIT scores between 2 and 22, provided whole blood samples. We aimed to identify biomarkers that signal immune changes associated with early AUDIT score risk, where interventions may be most effective. Luminex multiplex immunoassays quantified 14 immune\u2010related mediators in combined cell lysates and supernatants. IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201018, IL\u20107 and CCL11 were significantly elevated in individuals with higher AUDIT scores. IL\u20101\u03b2 showed the largest effect size (Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>) and was the most consistent predictor of both AUDIT and AUDIT\u2010Consumption (AUDIT\u2010C) scores across random forest and linear regression analyses. Moderated multiple regression (MMR) confirmed that IL\u20101\u03b2 predicted both scores independent of other immune mediators. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses demonstrated discriminative potential, with IL\u20101\u03b2 achieving an AUC of 0.81 (good discrimination) for AUDIT \u2265\u20096 (true positive rate [TPR]\u2009=\u20090.71; false positive rate [FPR]\u2009=\u20090.14) and an AUC of 0.94 (excellent discrimination) for AUDIT\u2010C thresholds (TPR\u2009=\u20090.80; FPR\u2009=\u20090.00). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed greater immune variability in the high\u2010risk group, particularly among proinflammatory mediators, suggesting immune dysregulation. This study demonstrates the utility of integrating whole blood immune profiling with high\u2010sensitivity multiplex immunoassays, and applying both traditional statistical methods and machine learning to explore potential biomarkers for AUD risk. IL\u20101\u03b2 is a statistically robust and clinically relevant candidate biomarker of AUD risk assessed by AUDIT scores. These findings require replication in larger, independent samples to determine their translational potential in addiction medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T10:43:32Z","timestamp":1758019412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification of Interleukin\u20101\u03b2 in Whole Blood as a Candidate Biomarker for Alcohol Use Disorder Risk Based on AUDIT Scores"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Balan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro\u00a0G.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bremmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8723-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd\u00a0K.","family":"O'Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian\u00a0S.","family":"Hendershot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4441-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.\u00a0Leslie","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v44.1.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","author":"Coleman L. 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