{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:00:26Z","timestamp":1773097226999,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016350","name":"Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024zd010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024zd010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Heroin use and major depression are each leading contributors to global disability and premature mortality, yet evidence for a specific association between the two remains fragmented and is often derived from small, treatment\u2010seeking samples. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis of nationally representative data from the 2005\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including 19 022 US adults aged \u2265 20 years with complete information on heroin use, depression status, and relevant covariates. Clinically significant depression was defined as a PHQ\u20109 score \u2265 10. After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioural, and clinical factors, including polysubstance use and chronic medical conditions, lifetime heroin use was independently associated with depression (adjusted OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.43\u20132.40;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that this association was robust and modified by age and smoking status, with significant interaction effects observed (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for interaction &lt; 0.05). Restricted cubic spline analysis among participants with a history of heroin use (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 439) revealed a non\u2010linear relationship between age at first heroin use and depression risk (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for non\u2010linearity = 0.032), with the highest predicted probability of depression among individuals who initiated use at or before 20.4 years of age. These findings indicate that lifetime heroin use is associated with a substantially increased risk of clinically significant depression in the general US population, particularly among younger adults and current smokers, underscoring the need for integrated screening and concurrent treatment of substance\u2010use and mood disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:06:42Z","timestamp":1768982802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Heroin Use and Depression: NHANES 2005\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture and Tuina Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2640-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuojun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Classic Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8626-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Classic Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4652-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Xinhua Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center  Mianyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6957-1375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Xinhua Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center  Mianyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Classic Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM) Ministry of Education  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \u201cWorld Drug Report 2023 \u201d (2023) 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