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This variability has been linked to individual differences in incentive salience attribution to drug\u2010related cues. We used fMRI to identify cortical and subcortical circuits underlying individual differences in incentive salience attribution among people with tobacco use disorder. Fifty daily cigarette users viewed pleasant, unpleasant, cigarette\u2010related and neutral images during task\u2010based fMRI and completed a resting\u2010state scan. We extracted per\u2010condition BOLD activity from a functionally defined extended visual region (Emotional\u2009&gt;\u2009Neutral) and applied\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010means clustering (\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092) to derive neuroaffective profiles. Whole\u2010brain voxelwise tests assessed Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Content (cigarette vs. pleasant) effects. We compared groups' resting\u2010state connectivity at the network level and for subcortical\u2013cortical pairs. Individuals were clustered based on neuroaffective reactivity to drug\u2010related and pleasant stimuli: The C\u2009&gt;\u2009P profile showed larger BOLD responses to cigarette cues than to pleasant stimuli, whereas the P\u2009&gt;\u2009C profile showed the opposite pattern. Whole\u2010brain analyses showed significant Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Content interactions that mirrored these profiles across left dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortices and amygdala\u2013hippocampal regions. At rest, individuals in the C\u2009&gt;\u2009P profile showed weaker within\u2010network connectivity of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) and, in exploratory analyses, reduced FPCN\u2013nucleus accumbens coupling. By replicating and extending prior psychophysiological work, this study identifies neuroaffective profiles that reflect the variation in incentive salience attribution central to neurobehavioral models of relapse. These findings provide convergent neurobiological markers that characterize distinct motivational pathways in substance use disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:35:42Z","timestamp":1779082542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical and Subcortical Signatures of Incentive Salience Attribution in Tobacco Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Sambuco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience University of Bari Aldo Moro  Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Versace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20100173(93)90013\u2010p"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010006\u20100578\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010006\u20100535\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010019\u20100765\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016251"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2023.100075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104835"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109871"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00230.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010025\u201003319\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings of Pictures and Instruction Manual (Technical Report A\u20108)","author":"Lang P. 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