{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:50:25Z","timestamp":1785883825983,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Building on the recent emerging literature on the impulsivity trajectory\u2013gambling association, this study investigated the association between developmental trajectories of teacher\u2010rated impulsivity in early adolescence (ages 11\u201315 years) and subsequent gambling and gambling problems (i.e. at\u2010risk and problem gambling) by age 19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urban communities in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>altimore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>aryland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consists of 310 predominately minority (87%) and low socio\u2010economic status (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES)<\/jats:styled-content> (70%) males followed from first grade to late adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impulsivity was measured using teacher ratings of classroom behavior. Self\u2010reported gambling behavior was assessed using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>aks <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ambling <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>creen\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>evised for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>dolescents (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOGS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results from a conventional growth model suggest that the intercept of the impulsivity development (as measured by the repeated assessments of impulsivity across the entire developmental period) was associated significantly with gambling. Results from a general growth mixture model evidenced two distinct trajectories: a high impulsivity trajectory (41% of the sample) and a low impulsivity trajectory (59% of the sample). Despite its non\u2010significant association with any gambling, heterogeneity in impulsivity development was associated significantly with gambling problems. Specifically, being in the high impulsivity trajectory doubled the odds of meeting criteria for at\u2010risk or problem gambling [odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2009=\u20092.09, 95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>): 1.02, 4.27)] and tripled the odds of meeting criteria for problem gambling (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20092.84, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.02, 7.91).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development in impulsivity is associated strongly with problem\/at\u2010risk gambling in adolescence among urban male youth. Findings highlight the importance of distinguishing gambling problems from any gambling when evaluating programs aimed at reducing youth gambling problems through reducing impulsivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T10:36:05Z","timestamp":1352284565000},"page":"780-788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Impulsivity trajectories and gambling in adolescence among urban male youth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NORC at the University of Chicago  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace P.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Goldweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanno","family":"Petras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"JBS International Inc.  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