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Because dopamine (DA<\/jats:styled-content>), a neurotransmitter implicated in reward and reinforcement, is probably involved, we used positron emission tomography (PET<\/jats:styled-content>) to test whetherPG<\/jats:styled-content>is associated with abnormalities inD<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>andD<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:sub>receptor levels, as observed inSUD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Case\u2013control study comparingPG<\/jats:styled-content>to healthy control (HC<\/jats:styled-content>) subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>Academic research imaging centre.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Participants<\/jats:title>Thirteen non\u2010treatment\u2010seeking males meetingDSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content>criteria forPG<\/jats:styled-content>, and 12 matchedHC<\/jats:styled-content>(11 of whom completedPET<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Measurements<\/jats:title>TwoPET<\/jats:styled-content>scans (one with theD<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:sub>receptor preferring agonist [11<\/jats:sup>C<\/jats:styled-content>]\u2010(+)\u2010propyl\u2010hexahydro\u2010naphtho\u2010oxazin (PHNO)<\/jats:styled-content>and the other with [11<\/jats:sup>C<\/jats:styled-content>]raclopride) to assessD<\/jats:styled-content>2\/3<\/jats:sub>DA<\/jats:styled-content>receptor availability, and behavioural measures (self\u2010report questionnaires and slot\u2010machine game) to assess subjective effects and relationships toPET<\/jats:styled-content>measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>Binding of both radiotracers did not differ between groups in striatum or substantia nigra (SN<\/jats:styled-content>) (allP<\/jats:italic>\u2009>\u20090.1). AcrossPG<\/jats:styled-content>, [11<\/jats:sup>C<\/jats:styled-content>]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO<\/jats:styled-content>binding inSN<\/jats:styled-content>, where the signal is attributable primarily toD<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:sub>receptors, correlated with gambling severity (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.57,P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) and impulsiveness (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.65,P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). InHC<\/jats:styled-content>, [11<\/jats:sup>C<\/jats:styled-content>]raclopride binding in dorsal striatum correlated inversely with subjective effects of gambling (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.70,P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and impulsiveness (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.70,P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Unlike with substance use disorder, there appear to be no marked differences inD<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>\/D<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:sub>levels between healthy subjects and pathological gamblers, suggesting that low receptor availability may not be a necessary feature of addiction. However, relationships between [11<\/jats:sup>C<\/jats:styled-content>]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO<\/jats:styled-content>binding and gambling severity\/impulsiveness suggests involvement of theD<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:sub>receptor in impulsive\/compulsive behaviours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T14:05:14Z","timestamp":1353420314000},"page":"953-963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["TheD<\/scp>2\/3<\/sub>dopamine receptor in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [11<\/sup>C<\/scp>]\u2010(+)\u2010propyl\u2010hexahydro\u2010naphtho\u2010oxazin and [11<\/sup>C<\/scp>]raclopride"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boileau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Imaging Research Group Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Addictions Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Payer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Imaging Research Group Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindiya","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Imaging Research Group Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo M.","family":"Rusjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivian M. 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