{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:24:53Z","timestamp":1760984693927},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]],"date-time":"2013-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine a syndrome of chronic manganism that occurs in drug addicts in eastern <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>urope who use intravenous methcathinone (ephedrone) contaminated with potassium permanganate. In many cases the basal ganglia, especially the globus pallidus and the putamen, are damaged irreversibly. Routine neuropsychological assessment has revealed no cognitive deficits, despite widespread abnormalities on brain imaging studies and severe extrapyramidal motor handicap on clinical examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ephedrone patients and patients with opioid dependence were recruited from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>viv, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>kraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested 15 patients with ephedrone\u2010induced toxicity, 13 opiate\u2010dependent patients who were receiving opioid replacement therapy and 18 matched healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u2018beads task\u2019, an information\u2010gathering task to assess reflection impulsivity, was used and feedback learning, working memory and risk\u2010taking were also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opiate\u2010dependent patients differed from controls on three of four tasks, whereas ephedrone patients differed from controls on only one task. More specifically, both patient groups were more impulsive and made more irrational choices on the beads task than controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, ephedrone patients had no deficits in working memory (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.1) or risk\u2010taking (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.1) compared with controls. Opioid\u2010dependent patients had significantly worse working memory (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and were significantly more risk\u2010prone than controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ephedrone patients may have similar deficits in information\u2010gathering and decision\u2010making to opiate\u2010dependent patients, with preservation of working memory and risk\u2010taking. This may reflect specific damage to anterior cingulate\u2013 basal ganglia loops.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T11:34:21Z","timestamp":1355225661000},"page":"771-779","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Increased reflection impulsivity in patients with ephedrone\u2010induced <scp>P<\/scp>arkinsonism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Atbin","family":"Djamshidian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanosh","family":"Sanotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Clinic Lviv  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Matviyenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Clinic Lviv  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean S.","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sharman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Institute of Neurology UCL  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Selikhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludmyla","family":"Fedoryshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Clinic Lviv  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Filts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lviv Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital  Lviv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Bearn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acute Assessment Unit Maudsley Hospital South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno B.","family":"Averbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders Institute of Neurology UCL  London UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21378"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/865319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq281"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"[Chronic manganese intoxication due to methcathinone (ephedron) abuse: a case report]","volume":"20","author":"Yildirim E. 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