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Seventy\u2010five subjects were self\u2010reported chronic cigarette smokers and khat users, 48 non\u2010smoking subjects were self\u2010reported to be chronic khat users and 52 non\u2010smoking subjects reported no current use or history of khat use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Verbal learning and verbal memory recall was assessed by subject performance on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>rabic version of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ey <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>uditory <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>erbal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>earning <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>est (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAVLT<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Statistically significant differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were observed in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAVLT<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition learning trials 2\u20135 and on delayed recall measures between concurrent khat and cigarette users compared to both the khat\u2010only group and the control group of non\u2010users of khat and cigarettes. On each of these trials, concurrent users recalled fewer words, demonstrating a slowed rate of verbal learning. This same pattern of performance was also seen on delayed recall measures. Khat use alone did not affect immediate or delayed recall of previously learned words.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Khat users who smoke cigarettes have a lower rate of verbal learning and delayed recall of previously learned verbal material than khat users who do not smoke cigarettes. This may be due to pre\u2010existing differences between these groups of subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T11:22:37Z","timestamp":1369740157000},"page":"1855-1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Concurrent use of khat and tobacco is associated with verbal learning and delayed recall deficits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Science University of Minnesota Medical School  Duluth MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"al'Absi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Science University of Minnesota Medical School  Duluth MN 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