{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:09:09Z","timestamp":1769760549538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the genetic and environmental contributions to age at first drink (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content>) and age first gambled (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content>), assess their overlap and examine sex differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Univariate twin models were fitted to decompose the variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content> into additive genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental factors. Bivariate genetic models were fitted to assess the genetic and environmental contributions to the sources of covariation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>win <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>egistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 4542 same\u2010sex and opposite\u2010sex twins aged 32\u201343 years, 42% male and 58% female.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content> were assessed via structured psychiatric telephone interviews. Age of onset was treated as both continuous and categorical (early\/late onset).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content> were modestly correlated (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.18). Unique environmental influences explained a substantial proportion of the variation in both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> (0.55, 95% confidence interval [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>]\u2009=\u20090.50\u20130.61) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content> (0.66, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.59\u20130.72), but these influences were uncorrelated (<jats:italic>r<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Additive genetic factors explained a notable proportion of variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content> (0.21, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.003\u20130.39), while shared environmental factors were important for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> (0.31, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.15\u20130.46). Among men, genetic factors influenced variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content> but not in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> and shared environmental factors influenced variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> but not in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content>. Among women, shared environmental factors influenced variation in both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFG<\/jats:styled-content>, but these environmental factors were not significantly correlated (<jats:italic>r<jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.09).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among Australian twins, age at first drink and age first gambled are influenced by distinct unique environmental factors, and the genetic and environmental underpinnings of both phenotypes differ in men and women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T17:23:21Z","timestamp":1374773001000},"page":"323-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Genetic and environmental influences on the ages of drinking and gambling initiation: evidence for distinct aetiologies and sex differences"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Leah S.","family":"Richmond\u2010Rakerd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia MO USA"},{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center  Columbia MO and St. Louis, MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Slutske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia MO USA"},{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center  Columbia MO and St. Louis, MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center  Columbia MO and St. Louis, MO USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2010.00116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.7.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708002900"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.11.1116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022084924589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76727-7_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.12.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"PurdieN. 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