{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:19:10Z","timestamp":1772795950140,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]],"date-time":"2013-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>In several <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean countries, drivers under the influence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DUI<\/jats:styled-content>), suspected of chronic alcohol abuse are referred for medical and psychological examination. This study (the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROAD<\/jats:styled-content> study, or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ecidivism <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>f <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>lcohol\u2010impaired <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>riving) investigated the usefulness of indirect alcohol biomarkers for predicting drunk\u2010driving recidivism in previously convicted drunk\u2010driving offenders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting, participants and measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROAD<\/jats:styled-content> study is a prospective study (2009\u201313) that was performed on 517 randomly selected drivers in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>elgium. They were convicted for drunk\u2010driving for which their licence was confiscated. The initial post\u2010arrest blood samples were collected and analysed for percentage carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin (%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDT<\/jats:styled-content>), transaminsase activities [alanine amino transferase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content>), aspartate amino transferase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>)], gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase (\u03b3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GT<\/jats:styled-content>) and red cell mean corpuscular volume (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCV<\/jats:styled-content>). The observation time for each driver was 3 years and dynamic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A logistic regression analysis revealed that ln(%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDT<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), ln(\u03b3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GT<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and ln(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were the best biochemical predictors of recidivism of drunk\u2010driving. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROAD<\/jats:styled-content> index (which includes ln(%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDT<\/jats:styled-content>), ln(\u03b3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GT<\/jats:styled-content>), \u2010ln(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content>) and the sex of the driver) was calculated and had a significantly higher area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (0.71) than the individual biomarkers for drunk\u2010driving recidivism. Drivers with a high risk of recidivating (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROAD<\/jats:styled-content> index\u2009\u2265\u200925%; third tertile) could be distinguished from drivers with an intermediate risk (16%\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROAD<\/jats:styled-content> index\u2009&lt;\u200925%; second tertile; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and a low recidivism risk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROAD<\/jats:styled-content> index\u2009&lt;\u200916%; first tertile<jats:bold>;<\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of all routinely used indirect alcohol markers, percentage of carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin is the major predictor of recidivism of drunk\u2010driving. The association with gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase, alanine amino transferase and the sex of the driver could have additional value for identifying drunk\u2010drivers at intermediate risk of recidivism. Non\u2010specific indirect alcohol markers, such as alanine amino transferase, gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase, aspartate amino transferase and red cell mean corpuscular volume have minimal added value to % carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin for distinguishing drunk drivers with a low or high risk of recidivism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]],"date-time":"2013-11-20T11:57:31Z","timestamp":1384948651000},"page":"71-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Usefulness of indirect alcohol biomarkers for predicting recidivism of drunk\u2010driving among previously convicted drunk\u2010driving offenders: results from the <scp>R<\/scp>ecidivism <scp>O<\/scp>f <scp>A<\/scp>lcohol\u2010impaired <scp>D<\/scp>riving<scp> (ROAD)<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Maenhout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anneleen","family":"Poll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dienst herstelonderzoeken Belgian Institute of Road Safety  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tijl","family":"Vermassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc L.","family":"De Buyzere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joris R.","family":"Delanghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the ROAD Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"JanitzekT.Drink driving: Young drivers and recidivist offenders. 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