{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:38:25Z","timestamp":1780580305249,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the cost\u2010effectiveness of extended smoking cessation treatment in older smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants who completed a 12\u2010week smoking cessation program were factorial randomized to extended cognitive behavioral treatment and extended nicotine replacement therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A free\u2010standing smoking cessation clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 402 smokers aged 50 years and older were recruited from the community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trial measured biochemically verified abstinence from cigarettes after 2 years and the quantity of smoking cessation services utilized. Trial findings were combined with literature on changes in smoking status and the age\u2010 and gender\u2010adjusted effect of smoking on health\u2010care cost, mortality and quality of life over the long term in a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>arkov model of cost\u2010effectiveness over a lifetime horizon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The addition of extended cognitive behavioral therapy added $83 in smoking cessation services cost [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012, confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI)\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:styled-content>$22\u2013212]. At the end of follow\u2010up, cigarette abstinence rates were 50.0% with extended cognitive behavioral therapy and 37.2% without this therapy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, odds ratio 1.69, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.18\u20132.54). The model\u2010based incremental cost\u2010effectiveness ratio was $6324 per quality\u2010adjusted life year (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QALY<\/jats:styled-content>). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis found that the additional $947 in lifetime cost of the intervention had a 95% confidence interval of \u2212$331 to 2081; the 0.15 additional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QALYs<\/jats:styled-content> had a confidence interval of 0.035\u20130.280, and that the intervention was cost\u2010effective against a $50\u2009000\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QALY<\/jats:styled-content> acceptance criterion in 99.6% of the replicates. Extended nicotine replacement therapy was not cost\u2010effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adding extended cognitive behavior therapy to standard cessation treatment was cost\u2010effective. Further intensification of treatment may be warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]],"date-time":"2013-11-06T09:11:30Z","timestamp":1383729090000},"page":"314-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cost\u2010effectiveness of extended cessation treatment for older smokers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Health Economics Resource Center Stanford University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wynnie","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abra","family":"Jeffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Health Economics Resource Center Stanford University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Palo Alto University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Humfleet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420010085038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550210057039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530400035035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027298902237708"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X05278431"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta6160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003999.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.8.828"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02996.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462304001382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.97.3.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.6.3.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00086-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.8.572"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110098428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.11.799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"Smoking and mortality: the Kaiser Permanente experience. 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