{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:43:39Z","timestamp":1778697819306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,12]],"date-time":"2014-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>Multiple forms of drug abuse\/dependence frequently co\u2010occur with problem\/pathological gambling (PPG<\/jats:styled-content>). The current study examines the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to their co\u2010occurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Bivariate models investigated the magnitude and correlation of genetic and environmental contributions to problem\/pathological gambling and its co\u2010occurrence with nicotine dependence, cannabis abuse\/dependence and stimulant abuse\/dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>Computer\u2010assisted telephone interviews in the community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Participants<\/jats:title>Participants were 7869 male twins in the V<\/jats:styled-content>ietnam E<\/jats:styled-content>ra T<\/jats:styled-content>win R<\/jats:styled-content>egistry, a USA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based national twin registry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Measurements<\/jats:title>Life\u2010time DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010III<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010R<\/jats:styled-content> diagnoses for problem\/pathological gambling, nicotine dependence, cannabis abuse\/dependence and stimulant abuse\/dependence were determined using the D<\/jats:styled-content>iagnostic I<\/jats:styled-content>nterview S<\/jats:styled-content>chedule.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>All drug\u2010use disorders displayed additive genetic and non\u2010shared environmental contributions, with cannabis abuse\/dependence also displaying shared environmental contributions. Both genetic [genetic correlation r<\/jats:italic>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.22; 95% confidence interval (CI)<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.10\u20130.34] and non\u2010shared environmental components (environmental correlation r<\/jats:italic>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.24; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.10\u20130.37) contributed to the co\u2010occurrence of problem\/pathological gambling and nicotine dependence. This pattern was shared by cannabis abuse\/dependence (r<\/jats:italic>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.32; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.05\u20131.0; r<\/jats:italic>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.36; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.16\u20130.55) but not stimulant abuse\/dependence (SAD<\/jats:styled-content>), which showed only genetic contributions to the co\u2010occurrence with problem\/pathological gambling (r<\/jats:italic>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.58; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.45\u20130.73).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Strong links between gambling and stimulant\u2010use disorders may relate to the neurochemical properties of stimulants or the illicit nature of using \u2018hard\u2019 drugs such as cocaine. The greater contribution of environmental factors to the co\u2010occurrence between problem\/pathological gambling and \u2018softer\u2019 forms of drug abuse\/dependence (cannabis, tobacco) suggest that environmental interventions (perhaps relating to availability and legality) may help to diminish the relationship between problem\/pathological gambling and tobacco\u2010 and cannabis\u2010use disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T10:36:47Z","timestamp":1384339007000},"page":"635-644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Environmental factors selectively impact co\u2010occurrence of problem\/pathological gambling with specific drug\u2010use disorders in male twins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Xian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service 151\u2010JC St Louis VAMC St Louis MO USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics St Louis University School of Public Health St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine L.","family":"Giddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Study Center Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA"},{"name":"University of Toronto School of Medicine Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service 151\u2010JC St Louis VAMC St Louis MO USA"},{"name":"Family and Community Medicine St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth A.","family":"Eisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development Washington, DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Study Center Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.327.5968.935"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31815947e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.96147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.19.2.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0283-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.7.1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220500243364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220127912"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.2.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.9.1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-005-3031-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000004591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Psychiatric Disorders in America","author":"Robins L. 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