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Culling and data extraction followed protocols. D<\/jats:styled-content>isM<\/jats:styled-content>od\u2010MR<\/jats:styled-content>, the latest version of the generic disease modelling system, a Bayesian meta\u2010regression tool, imputed prevalence by age, year and sex for 187 countries and 21 regions. Disability weight for opioid dependence was estimated through population surveys and multiplied by prevalence data to calculate the years of life lived with disability (YLDs<\/jats:styled-content>). Opioid dependence premature mortality was computed as years of life lost (YLLs<\/jats:styled-content>) and summed with YLDs<\/jats:styled-content> to calculate disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALY<\/jats:styled-content>s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were 15.5 million opioid\u2010dependent people globally in 2010 [0.22%, 95% uncertainty interval (UI)\u2009=\u20090.20\u20130.25%]. Age\u2010standardized prevalence was higher in males (0.30%, 95% UI\u2009=\u20090.27\u20130.35%) than females (0.14%, 95% UI\u2009=\u20090.12\u20130.16%), and peaked at 25\u201329 years. Prevalence was higher than the global pooled prevalence in A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralasia (0.46%, 95% UI\u2009=\u20090.41\u20130.53%), western E<\/jats:styled-content>urope (0.35%, 95% UI\u2009=\u20090.32\u20130.39) and N<\/jats:styled-content>orth A<\/jats:styled-content>merica (0.30%, 95% UI\u2009=\u20090.25\u20130.36). Opioid dependence was estimated to account for 9.2 million DALYs<\/jats:styled-content> globally (0.37% of global DALYs<\/jats:styled-content>) in 2010, a 73% increase on DALYs<\/jats:styled-content> estimated in 1990. Regions with the highest opioid dependence DALY<\/jats:styled-content> rates were N<\/jats:styled-content>orth A<\/jats:styled-content>merica (292.1 per 100\u2009000), eastern Europe (288.4 per 100\u2009000), A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralasia (278.6 per 100\u2009000) and southern sub\u2010S<\/jats:styled-content>aharan A<\/jats:styled-content>frica (263.5 per 100\u2009000). The contribution of YLLs<\/jats:styled-content> to opioid dependence burden was particularly high in N<\/jats:styled-content>orth A<\/jats:styled-content>merica, eastern E<\/jats:styled-content>urope and southern sub\u2010S<\/jats:styled-content>aharan A<\/jats:styled-content>frica.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Opioid dependence is a substantial contributor to the global disease burden; its contribution to premature mortality (relative to prevalence) varies geographically, with N<\/jats:styled-content>orth A<\/jats:styled-content>merica, eastern E<\/jats:styled-content>urope and southern sub\u2010Saharan A<\/jats:styled-content>frica most strongly affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T05:50:57Z","timestamp":1395726657000},"page":"1320-1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["The global epidemiology and burden of opioid dependence: results from the global burden of disease 2010 study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8513-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. 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