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Cox regression was used to identify predictors of incident infection using time\u2010dependent covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Almost half the cohort reported<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDU<\/jats:styled-content>during follow\u2010up (103 subjects; 49.1%) and 65 (31%) also reported sharing of the injecting apparatus. There were 38<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>incident cases in 269.94 person\u2010years (py) of follow\u2010up with an estimated incidence of 14.08 per 100\u2009py [confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2009=\u20099.96\u201319.32]. Incident infection was associated independently with Indigenous background, injecting daily or more and injecting heroin. Three subjects were<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive and antibody\u2010negative at the incident time\u2010point, indicating early infection, which provided a second incidence estimate of 9.4%. Analysis of continuously incarcerated subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009114) followed over 126.73\u2009py, identified 13 new<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>infections (10.26 per 100\u2009py,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20095.46\u201317.54), one of which was an early infection case. Bleach\u2010cleansing of injecting equipment and opioid substitution treatment were not associated with a significant reduction in incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>n New South Wales,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia, imprisonment is associated with high rates of hepatitis<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>virus transmission. More effective harm reduction interventions are needed to control<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>in prison settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T12:27:23Z","timestamp":1402403243000},"page":"1695-1706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["A prospective study of hepatitis<scp>C<\/scp>incidence in Australian prisoners"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Luciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil Arvin","family":"Breta\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzy","family":"Teutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janaki","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libby","family":"Topp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"HITS\u2010p investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003258669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2011","author":"The Kirby Institute","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03882.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00116-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70216-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360706","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"36","author":"Seeff L. 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