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Regular cannabis use in adolescence approximately doubles the risks of early school\u2010leaving and of cognitive impairment and psychoses in adulthood. Regular cannabis use in adolescence is also associated strongly with the use of other illicit drugs. These associations persist after controlling for plausible confounding variables in longitudinal studies. This suggests that cannabis use is a contributory cause of these outcomes but some researchers still argue that these relationships are explained by shared causes or risk factors. Cannabis smoking probably increases cardiovascular disease risk in middle\u2010aged adults but its effects on respiratory function and respiratory cancer remain unclear, because most cannabis smokers have smoked or still smoke tobacco.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiological literature in the past 20 years shows that cannabis use increases the risk of accidents and can produce dependence, and that there are consistent associations between regular cannabis use and poor psychosocial outcomes and mental health in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T04:25:12Z","timestamp":1412655912000},"page":"19-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":458,"title":["What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research and The UQ Centre for Clinical Research  Herston Australia"},{"name":"The National Addiction Centre Kings College London  London UK"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/bdf42380-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32812144cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195328240.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"ElSohlyM. 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