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Participants were provided with mobile devices and asked to self\u2010report every time they either craved (without using) or used heroin or cocaine for 30 days from\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n ovember 2008 through\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n ay 2013.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n \n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n altimore,\n MD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n USA<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 109 participants from the\n AIDS L<\/jats:styled-content>\n inked to the\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n ntra\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n enous\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n xperience (\n ALIVE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n For each drug use or craving event, participants answered questions concerning their drug use, current mood and their social, physical and activity environments. Odds ratios (OR) of drug use versus craving were obtained from logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations of all reported events.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were a median of 48.5 years old, 90%\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n frican\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n merican, 52% male and 59%\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010infected. Participants were significantly more likely to report use rather than craving drugs if they were with someone who was using drugs [adjusted odds ratio (a\n OR)<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.45, 95% confidence interval (\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2009=\u20091.13, 1.86), in an abandoned space (a\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20096.65, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.78, 24.84) or walking\/wandering (a\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.68, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.11, 2.54). Craving drugs was associated with being with a child (a\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.26, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.12, 0.59), eating (a\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.54, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.34, 0.85) or being at the doctor's office (a\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.31, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.12, 0.80).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n There are distinct drug using and craving environments among urban drug users, which may provide a framework for developing real\u2010time context\u2010sensitive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:20:22Z","timestamp":1413246022000},"page":"315-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Capturing illicit drug use where and when it happens: an ecological momentary assessment of the social, physical and activity environment of using versus craving illicit drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Beth S.","family":"Linas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Latkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan P.","family":"Westergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Population Health Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry W.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Bollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Genz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"HIV infection among intravenous drug users: epidemiology and risk reduction","volume":"1","author":"Des Jarlais D. 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