{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:08:32Z","timestamp":1785830912390,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National AIDS Program"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center and the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the US National Institutes of Health","award":["U2RTW06918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2RTW06918"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>To examine the association between needle and syringe exchange programme (NSEP<\/jats:styled-content>) participation and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection among intravenous drug users (IDU<\/jats:styled-content>s) in C<\/jats:styled-content>hina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Cross\u2010sectional survey study design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>Six counties with active NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> were selected from each of the seven provinces with active NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> sampled, resulting in a sample of 42 counties in C<\/jats:styled-content>hina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Participants<\/jats:title>Subjects were aged more than 18 years and had injected drugs in the past month before the survey, but were excluded if they were currently enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment in order to avoid mixed effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Measurements<\/jats:title>HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence was the primary measure. Odds ratios (OR<\/jats:styled-content>s), 95% confidence intervals (CI<\/jats:styled-content>s) and P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values were calculated to evaluate associations between HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> participation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>A total of 3494 IDU<\/jats:styled-content>s were interviewed, of whom 1928 (55.2%) were NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> attendees (meaning they had attended NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> at least once in their life\u2010time). The unadjusted HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence was 13.9% among NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> attendees and 16.5% among NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> non\u2010attendees (meaning IDU<\/jats:styled-content>s who had never used NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> services). After adjusting for potential confounders and taking into account the variation between counties, NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> non\u2010attendees were 1.67 times more likely to be HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive compared to NSEP<\/jats:styled-content> attendees (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.67, CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.19\u20132.32, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0031).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Participation in needle and syringe exchange programmes was associated with a substantially lower risk of HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection among intravenous drug users in C<\/jats:styled-content>hina. Needle and syringe exchange programmes should be expanded to include those who are needle and syringe exchange programme non\u2010attendees.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]],"date-time":"2014-12-24T13:18:48Z","timestamp":1419427128000},"page":"61-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Needle and syringe exchange programmes and prevalence of HIV<\/scp> infection among intravenous drug users in C<\/scp>hina"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunyou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Poundstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"McGoogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willa","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keming","family":"Rou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health C The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS World Health Organization.2011 Estimate of HIV\/AIDS epidemic in China. 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