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This study examines whether US federal essential chemical regulations have impacted US cocaine seizure amount, price and purity\u2014indicators of cocaine availability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)\u2010intervention time\u2013series analysis was used to assess the impacts of four US regulations targeting cocaine manufacturing chemicals: potassium permanganate\/selected solvents, implemented October 1989 sulfuric acid\/hydrochloric acid, implemented October 1992; methyl isobutyl ketone, implemented May 1995; and sodium permanganate, implemented December 2006. Of these chemicals, potassium permanganate and sodium permanganate are the most critical to cocaine production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conterminous United States (January 1987\u2014April 2011).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monthly time\u2013series: purity\u2010adjusted cocaine seizure amount (in gross weight seizures &lt; 6000 grams), purity\u2010adjusted price (all available seizures), and purity (all available seizures). Data source: System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 1989 potassium permanganate\/solvents regulation was associated with a seizure amount decrease (change in series level) of 28% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), a 36% increase in price (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and a 4% decrease in purity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Availability recovered in 1\u20132 years. The 2006 potassium permanganate regulation was associated with a 22% seizure amount decrease (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), 100% price increase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and 35% purity decrease (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Following the 2006 regulation, essentially no recovery occurred to April 2011. The other two chemical regulations were associated with statistically significant but lesser declines in indicated availability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United States, essential chemical controls from 1989 to 2006 were associated with pronounced downturns in cocaine availability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T02:25:22Z","timestamp":1420511122000},"page":"805-820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["US federal cocaine essential (\u2018precursor\u2019) chemical regulation impacts on US cocaine availability: an intervention time\u2013series analysis with temporal replication"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"James K.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine The University of Arizona  Tucson AZ, USA"},{"name":"Native American Research and Training Center The University of Arizona  Tucson AZ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell C.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Medical Program University of Northern British Columbia  Prince George BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lon\u2010Mu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Public Economics Research Center National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2006, Vol. 1. 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