{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:20:37Z","timestamp":1791354037980,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]],"date-time":"2015-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]],"date-time":"2015-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess systematically the risk of HIV acquisition by type of drug injected across different settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis were conducted. Databases were searched for studies of HIV incidence in people who inject different drugs (PWID). Pooled HIV incidence rate ratio (IRR) was used to compare HIV risk between injecting and not\u2010injecting a given drug, when possible, or otherwise with those reported not to have injected the substance. Pooled estimates of crude IRR were derived using random\u2010effects models. Variations in IRR were assessed in subgroup analyses, by drug and geographical region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 5779 studies screened, 15 were included. HIV incidence was reported for people injecting cocaine (eight: North America, Europe), amphetamine\u2010type stimulants (ATS) (four: Western and Eastern Europe, Asia), heroin (11: all settings), opiate\u2010stimulants (four: North America, Western and Eastern Europe) and opiates\u2013sedatives (five: Europe, Asia). HIV risk in cocaine injectors was 3.6 times 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20092.8\u20134.7,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094) that of non\u2010injectors and 3.0 for ATS injectors (95% CI\u2009=\u20092.2\u20134.1,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092). Higher sexual risk was reported in cohorts injecting stimulants. Compared to not\u2010injecting, HIV IRR was 2.8 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.7\u20134.7,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200977%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =6) for all heroin injectors and 3.5 (95% CI\u2009=\u20092.3\u20135.2,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200940%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =5) for heroin injectors in Asia and Europe.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of HIV acquisition in people who inject drugs appears to vary by drug type but differences are not statistically significant, precluding conclusive grading of risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]],"date-time":"2015-01-12T20:14:21Z","timestamp":1421093661000},"page":"572-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Influence of different drugs on HIV risk in people who inject: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Tavitian\u2010Exley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco I.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Oswaldo Cruz Foundation  Rio de Janiero Brazil"},{"name":"CAPES Visiting Researcher Imperial College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Claude","family":"Boily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0043-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00214-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00224-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013","author":"United Nations Joint Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00102-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199607000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100101843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"The comparative analysis of high\u2010risk behaviour related to HIV infection in users of psychoactive drugs with stimulating action and opioids [in Russian]","volume":"110","author":"Titova E. 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