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Mortality risk was higher (1) when individuals were out\u2010of\u2010treatment (SMR\u2009=\u20096.1, 95% CI\u2009=\u20095.7, 6.5) than in\u2010treatment (SMR\u2009=\u20091.8, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.6, 2.1) and (2) during detoxification (SMR\u2009=\u20092.4, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.5, 3.8) than during MMT (SMR\u2009=\u20091.8, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.5, 2.1), especially in the 2\u2009weeks post\u2010treatment entry (SMR\u2009=\u20095.5, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.7, 9.8 versus SMR\u2009=\u20092.5, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.7, 4.9). Detoxification and MMT both independently reduced the instantaneous hazard of all\u2010cause and drug\u2010related mortality. MMT preceded by detoxification was associated with lower all\u2010cause and other cause\u2010specific mortality than MMT alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In people with opiate dependence, detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment both independently reduce the instantaneous hazard of all\u2010cause and drug\u2010related mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T22:04:46Z","timestamp":1422828286000},"page":"996-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Mortality among individuals accessing pharmacological treatment for opioid dependence in California, 2006\u201310"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Urada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih\u2010Ing","family":"Hser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences  Barnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","article-title":"Long\u2010term course of opioid addiction","volume":"23","author":"Hser Y. 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