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This study examines the association of substance\u2010specific and personal cues with craving and substance use in daily life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ecological momentary assessment was used during a 2\u2010week period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected in a French out\u2010patient addiction treatment centre.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 132 out\u2010patients beginning treatment for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or opiate addiction were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using mobile technologies, participants were questioned four times per day relative to craving, substance use and exposure to either substance\u2010specific cues (e.g. seeing a syringe) or personal cues unique to that individual (e.g. seeing the specific person with whom the substance is used).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Craving intensity was associated with the number of concurrently assessed substance\u2010specific cues (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.418,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and person\u2010specific cues (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.006,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) when analysed jointly within the same model. However, only person\u2010specific cues were associated with increases in craving over subsequent hours of the day (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.598,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Craving intensity, in turn, predicted increases in later substance use (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.076,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Causal mediation analyses demonstrated that the association of cues with later substance use was mediated by craving intensity (mediated effect\u2009=\u20090.007, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.004\u20130.011).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unique person\u2010specific cues appear to have a robust effect on craving addictive substances, and the duration of this association may persist longer than for more general substance\u2010specific cues. Mobile technologies provide new opportunities for understanding these person\u2010specific risk factors and for providing individually tailored interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T10:43:59Z","timestamp":1424083439000},"page":"1035-1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Craving and substance use among patients with alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or heroin addiction: a comparison of substance\u2010 and person\u2010specific cues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Melina","family":"Fatseas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de psychiatrie\/SANPSY  CNRS USR 3413 Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INCIA  CNRS UMR 5287 Bordeaux France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Addictologie CH Charles Perrens and 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