{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:08:26Z","timestamp":1764828506107},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the temporal pattern of appearance of a new psychoactive substance (4\u2010fluoroamphetamine) on the Dutch drug market, as well as its patterns of use and effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the Drug Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) was used to investigate the emergence of 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine on the Dutch drug market. An on\u2010line questionnaire was used to study its patterns of use and effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dutch drug\u2010related websites and social media.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A convenience sample of 249 life\u2010time 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine users was recruited through the internet.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples containing 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine were extracted from the DIMS database for further investigation. Patterns of use, settings of use and the subjective effects of 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine, amphetamine and 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were investigated with the on\u2010line questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>4\u2010Fluoroamphetamine was first encountered on the Dutch drug market, sold mainly as amphetamine or ecstasy (MDMA), between 2007 and 2009. These misrepresented drug samples declined when the MDMA and amphetamine markets recovered after a period of shortage, whereas purposefully bought 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine samples showed an increase. Survey results showed that 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine is used predominantly [77.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u200972.0\u201382.3] for its specific effects, rather than its legal status (17.7%, 95% CI\u2009=\u200910.7\u201322.1). The subjective effects of 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine were compared with those of amphetamine and MDMA. Subjective effect scores of 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine ranged between those of amphetamine and MDMA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The stimulant 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine is increasingly popular in the Netherlands, which might be due to its subjective effects profile, which lies intermediate between amphetamine and MDMA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T20:06:00Z","timestamp":1427227560000},"page":"1138-1143","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["4\u2010Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one\u2010night stand"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Linsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute) Drug Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoul P. J.","family":"Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute) Drug Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margriet","family":"van Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute) Drug Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond J. 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