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We hypothesized that: (1) all risk factors would be associated significantly with PG; (2) the effect of risk factors in earlier developmental tiers would be accounted for by later tiers; and (3) there would be few gender differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Separate models were built for life\u2010time gambling and for 12\u2010month PG among those with life\u2010time gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondents to NESARC wave 1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200943\u2009093).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) were used to determine the risk factors in multiple models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>After mutually adjusting for other risk factors, family history of substance use disorders (SUD) or depression, impulsivity, childhood\u2010onset anxiety, number of Axis I and II disorders, history of SUD, nicotine dependence, social deviance in adulthood, and past\u2010year history of SUD, nicotine dependence and independent stressful life events predicted life\u2010time gambling. Past history of PG, number of personality disorders and past year nicotine dependence were associated significantly with 12\u2010month PG (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There were no significant gender interactions for 12\u2010month PG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A modification of Kendler's model for major depression provides a foundation for the development of a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling. Life\u2010time history of gambling and 12\u2010month pathological gambling appear to be determined by risk factors in several developmental levels, with the effect of earlier development tiers accounted for by later ones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T06:16:48Z","timestamp":1429078608000},"page":"1340-1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Towards a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Institute\/Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Hanania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Institute\/Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Petry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Connecticut  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie M.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Institute\/Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Institute\/Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea J.","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Institute\/Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9370-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708002900"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200013060-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.10.3.302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.2.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(02)00101-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02104968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10401230209147393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000238466.76172.cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.7.1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.158.10.1733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.19.2.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900020113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"GersteinD. 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