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We compared daily substance use (DSU) between HF and treatment as usual (TAU).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two concurrent randomized controlled trials with 24\u2010month follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Market rental apartments with support provided by Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) or Intensive Case Management (ICM); a single building with on\u2010site supports (CONG); TAU in Vancouver, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inclusion criteria were current homelessness and mental illness. Participants were assessed as having either \u2018high needs\u2019 (HN;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009297) or \u2018moderate needs\u2019 (MN;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009200). MN participants were randomized to ICM (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009100) or MN\u2010TAU (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009100). HN participants were randomized to ACT (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200990), CONG (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009107) or HN\u2010TAU (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009100).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions and comparators<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All HF interventions included independent housing with support services, with an emphasis on promoting client choice and harm reduction in relation to substance use. TAU included existing services and support available to homeless adults with mental illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DSU over 24 and 12 months was derived from the Maudsley Addiction Profile. Also measured were demographics, homelessness history, psychiatric diagnoses, symptom severity, comorbid illnesses and duration of stable housing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with HN\u2010TAU, neither CONG [adjusted odds (AOR) ratio\u2009=\u20090.73, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.39\u20131.37] nor ACT (AOR\u2009=\u20091.22, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.61\u20132.45) differed on DSU at 24 months, and MN\u2010TAU did not differ from ICM (AOR\u2009=\u20090.78, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.37\u20131.63). There were no differences at 12 months, when analyses were restricted to participants who indicated substance use at baseline, or when considering the duration of stable housing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Housing First, an intervention to support recovery for homeless people who have co\u2010occurring mental illness and substance use disorders, did not reduce daily substance use compared with treatment as usual after 12 or 24 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]],"date-time":"2015-06-06T02:15:55Z","timestamp":1433556955000},"page":"1605-1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Changes in daily substance use among people experiencing homelessness and mental illness: 24\u2010month outcomes following randomization to Housing First or usual care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Julian M.","family":"Somers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Somers Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akm","family":"Moniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Somers Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Palepu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050225"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022176402357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.4.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00715.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810393554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9775-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17523281.2011.618143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-013-9672-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-007-0093-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.940"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence\u2010based Programs and Practices. Pathways\u2019 Housing First Program: Intervention Summary 2012. Available at:http:\/\/www.nrepp.samhsa.gov\/ViewIntervention.aspx?id\u2009=\u2009155(accessed 4\u2009June 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000323"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"JohnsonG. ParkinsonS. ParsellC.Policy Shift or Program Drift? Implementing Housing First in Australia. AHURI Final Report no. 184. 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