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Separate Cox regression models (one for each critical time\u2010period) were estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ambulance services treated 54% of the participants for an overdose during follow\u2010up. The mortality rate was 2.8 per 100 person\u2010years for those with an overdose and 3.3 for those without; the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.3 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.6, 2.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.482). Mortality risk was greater in all but the shortest critical time\u2010period following ambulance attendance than in the non\u2010critical periods. The mortality risk remained significantly elevated during critical periods, even when adjusted for total time spent in prison and substitution treatment. The HR ranged from 9.4 (95% CI\u2009=\u20093.5, 25.4) in the month after an overdose to 13.9 (95% CI\u2009=\u20096.4, 30.2) in the 5\u2010year period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mortality risk among people who inject drugs is significantly greater in time\u2010periods after an overdose attendance than outside these time\u2010periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,27]],"date-time":"2015-06-27T18:02:50Z","timestamp":1435428170000},"page":"1767-1774","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Are overdoses treated by ambulance services an opportunity for additional interventions? 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