{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:03:51Z","timestamp":1781010231470,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of self\u2010reported pharmacological neuroenhancement (PNE) with prescription or recreational drugs among the Swiss general population and correlates of PNE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study using a self\u2010administered online survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A telephone\u2010recruited highly representative internet panel in Switzerland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 10\u2009171 Swiss employees and students (unweighted\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910\u2009084) aged 15\u201374\u2009years (mean age: 39.1\u2009\u00b1\u200913.3; 46.6% female).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self\u2010reported life\u2010time, past\u2010year and past\u2010month use of prescription or recreational drugs for PNE, motives for use and correlates of PNE, including socio\u2010demographic, health and recreational drug use characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The life\u2010time prevalence of PNE was 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20093.62, 4.38], and the past\u2010year prevalence was 2.1% (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.82, 2.38). Life\u2010time pharmacological mood enhancement (3.1%; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.76, 3.44) was more prevalent than pharmacological cognitive enhancement (1.4%; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.17, 1.63). Fifty\u2010four participants reported both (0.5%; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.36, 0.64). PNE was associated with studying rather than full\u2010time [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.35; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.21, 0.57] or part\u2010time employment (OR\u2009=\u20090.39; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.23, 0.67), stress (OR\u2009=\u20091.51 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.31, 1.75), cocaine (OR\u2009=\u20092.40; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.51, 3.82) and amphetamine use (OR\u2009=\u20092.44; CI 95%\u2009=\u20091.37, 4.33), diagnosis of a mental disorder (OR\u2009=\u20094.26; 95% CI\u2009=\u20093.14, 5.80), and perceived poor health (OR\u2009=\u20090.76; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.64, 0.90).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taking prescription or recreational drugs for pharmacological neuroenhancement is rare among Swiss employees and students (4.0%). Pharmacological mood enhancement (3.1%) is more prevalent than direct pharmacological cognitive enhancement (1.4%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]],"date-time":"2015-07-18T10:08:49Z","timestamp":1437214129000},"page":"280-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Prevalence of and motives for pharmacological neuroenhancement in Switzerland\u2014results from a national internet panel"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Larissa J.","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction (ISGF) Associated Institute at the University of Zurich and WHO Collaborating Centre  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Severin","family":"Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction (ISGF) Associated Institute at the University of Zurich and WHO Collaborating Centre  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction (ISGF) Associated Institute at the University of Zurich and WHO Collaborating Centre  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6253-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.57.3.315-324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2010.509273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.00944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-1-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815a56f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710902020157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-014-0177-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3182479584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.736845"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/0778-7367-67-4-169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Neuroenhancement among Swiss students\u2014a comparison of users and non\u2010users","volume":"47","author":"Ott R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110303032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GmelG. 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