{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:30:49Z","timestamp":1791563449866,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute to the University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention and by the Wisconsin Partnership Program","award":["9P50CA143188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9P50CA143188"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute to the University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention and by the Wisconsin Partnership Program","award":["1K05CA139871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K05CA139871"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To screen promising intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence in smokers initially unwilling to quit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A balanced, four\u2010factor, randomized factorial experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 517 adult smokers (63.4% women, 91.1% white) recruited during primary care visits who were willing to reduce their smoking but not quit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four factors contrasted intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence: (1) nicotine patch versus none; (2) nicotine gum versus none; (3) motivational interviewing (MI) versus none; and (4) behavioral reduction counseling (BR) versus none. Participants could request cessation treatment at any point during the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was percentage change in cigarettes smoked per day at 26\u2009weeks post\u2010study enrollment; the secondary outcomes were percentage change at 12 weeks and point\u2010prevalence abstinence at 12 and 26 weeks post\u2010study enrollment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were few main effects, but a significant four\u2010way interaction at 26\u2009weeks post\u2010study enrollment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01, \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.12) revealed relatively large smoking reductions by two component combinations: nicotine gum combined with BR and BR combined with MI. Further, BR improved 12\u2010week abstinence rates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), and nicotine gum, when used without MI, increased 26\u2013week abstinence after a subsequent aided quit attempt (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motivation\u2010phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T06:57:00Z","timestamp":1447916220000},"page":"117-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of motivation phase intervention components for use with smokers unwilling to quit: a factorial screening experiment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Jessica W.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University The Methodology Center and Department of Human Development and Family Studies  University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stevens S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Bolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin Department of Educational Psychology  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Piper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya R.","family":"Schlam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Jorenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention  Madison WI USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Medicine  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Yin","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin Department of Statistics  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Mermelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago Institute for Health Research and Policy  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2005\u20132012","volume":"63","author":"Agaku I. 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