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We sought to identify risk and protective factors for all\u2010cause and accidental poisoning (overdose) death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nested case\u2013control study of people released from prison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Washington<\/jats:styled-content> State Department of Corrections, Washington, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases (699 all\u2010cause deaths, of which 88 were among women, and 196 additional overdose deaths, of which 76 were among women) between 1999 and 2009 matched 1\u00a0:\u00a01 to controls on sex, age and year of release using risk set sampling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prison medical charts were abstracted for clinical information. Independent associations between clinical characteristics and all\u2010cause and overdose mortality were assessed using conditional logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Key independent risk factors for all\u2010cause mortality included homelessness [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a01.53, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.06, 2.23], injection drug use (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.54, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.16, 2.06), tobacco use (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.51, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.07, 2.13), cirrhosis (OR\u00a0=\u00a04.42, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.63, 11.98) and psychiatric medications before release (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.38, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.71, 3.30). Independent risk factors for overdose mortality included substance use disorder (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.33, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.32, 4.11), injection drug use (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.43, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.53, 3.86), panic disorder (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.87, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.62, 9.21), psychiatric prescriptions before release (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.44, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.55, 3.85) and problems with opiates\/sedatives (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.81, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.40, 5.63). Substance use disorder treatment during the index incarceration was protective for all\u2010cause (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.67, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.49, 0.91) and overdose (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.57, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.36, 0.90) mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injection drug use and substance use disorders are risk factors for death after release from prison. In\u2010prison substance use disorder treatment services may reduce the risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,17]],"date-time":"2015-10-17T21:46:47Z","timestamp":1445118407000},"page":"499-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Clinical risk factors for death after release from prison in <scp>Washington<\/scp> State: a nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Binswanger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research  Denver Colorado USA"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO, USA"},{"name":"Denver Health Medical Center  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc F.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington School of Public Health Department of Health Services  Seattle USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci E.","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Medical Education, University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane R.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Colorado Institute for Health Research  Denver Colorado USA"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis P.","family":"Baggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Blatchford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health University of Colorado Denver  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"World Prison Population List","author":"Walmsley R.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"2014","volume-title":"Correctional Populations in the United States","author":"Glaze L. 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