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This study quantified the age\u2010, sex\u2010 and adverse health effect\u2010specific cannabis\u2010attributable (1) mortality, (2) years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), (3) years of life lost due to disability (YLDs) and (4) disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs) in Canada in 2012.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological modeling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canadians aged \u2265\u00a015 years in 2012.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using comparative risk assessment methodology, cannabis\u2010attributable fractions were computed using Canadian exposure data and risk relations from large studies or meta\u2010analyses. Outcome data were obtained from Canadian databases and the World Health Organization. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Monte Carlo methodology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis use was estimated to have caused 287 deaths (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0108, 609), 10\u00a0533 YLLs (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a04760, 20\u00a0833), 55\u00a0813 YLDs (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a038\u00a0175, 74\u00a0094) and 66\u00a0346 DALYs (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a047\u00a0785, 87\u00a0207), based on causal impacts on cannabis use disorders, schizophrenia, lung cancer and road traffic injuries. Cannabis\u2010attributable burden of disease was highest among young people, and males accounted for twice the burden than females. Cannabis use disorders were the most important single cause of the cannabis\u2010attributable burden of disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cannabis\u2010attributable burden of disease in Canada in 2012 included 55\u00a0813 years of life lost due to disability, caused mainly by cannabis use disorders. Although the cannabis\u2010attributable burden of disease was substantial, it was much lower compared with other commonly used legal and illegal substances. Moreover, the evidence base for cannabis\u2010attributable harms was smaller.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T19:46:50Z","timestamp":1448394410000},"page":"653-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["The burden of disease attributable to cannabis use in Canada in 2012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Sameer","family":"Imtiaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Shield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roerecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Factor\u2010Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kurdyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction Simon Fraser University  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).World Drug Report 2014. 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