{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:41:24Z","timestamp":1770961284387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the relationship between daily alcohol use and HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs (PWID) in a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Canadian<\/jats:styled-content> setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from an open prospective cohort study of PWID in Vancouver, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Canada<\/jats:styled-content>, recruited via snowball sampling and street outreach between May 1996 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">November<\/jats:styled-content> 2013. An interviewer\u2010administered questionnaire including standardized behavioural assessment and HIV antibody testing were conducted semi\u2010annually. Baseline HIV\u2010seronegative participants completing\u00a0\u2265\u00a01 follow\u2010up visits were eligible for the present analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1683 eligible participants, were followed for a median of 79.8 [interquartile range (IQR)\u00a0=\u00a033.3\u2013119.1] months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary end\u2010point was time to HIV seroconversion, with the date of HIV seroconversion estimated as the mid\u2010point between the last negative and the first positive antibody test results. The primary explanatory variable was self\u2010reported daily alcohol use in the previous 6\u00a0months assessed semiannually. Other covariates considered included demographic, behavioural, social\/structural and environmental risk factors for HIV infection among PWID (e.g. daily cocaine injection, methadone use, etc.).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 1683 PWID, there were 176 HIV seroconversions during follow\u2010up with an incidence density of 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.3\u20131.7] cases per 100 person\u2010years. At baseline, 339 (20.1%) consumed alcohol at least daily in the previous 6 months. In multivariable extended Cox regression analyses, daily alcohol use remained associated independently with HIV seroconversion (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.48; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.00\u20132.17).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Daily alcohol use appears to be an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among our cohort of PWID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]],"date-time":"2015-12-08T16:42:25Z","timestamp":1449592945000},"page":"1360-1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Daily alcohol use as an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Samantha V.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS St Paul's Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiru","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS St Paul's Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS St Paul's Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS St Paul's Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency ofCanada.HIV\/AIDS Epi Updates:National HIV Prevalence and Incidence Estimates for 2011.Ottowa Ontario: Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control Public Health Agency ofCanada;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199712150-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12899"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826087809039323"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"HIV infection and risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among injecting drug users\u2014National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 20\u00a0U.S. cities, 2009","volume":"63","author":"Broz D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb Mort Wkly Rep Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Alcohol's role in HIV transmission and disease progression","volume":"33","author":"Pandrea I.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835cff4b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000216374.61442.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1992.53.611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00070-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.082054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304110-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199708000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12970"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12682"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(01)00190-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"HIV risk behavior, street outreach, and condom use in eight high\u2010risk populations","volume":"8","author":"Anderson J. 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