{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:11:13Z","timestamp":1791465073464,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,3]],"date-time":"2016-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1012485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1012485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test if polysubstance use profiles and drug\u2010related outcomes differ between those receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies (OST) among people who inject drugs (PWID).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>An annual cross\u2010sectional, sentinel sample of PWID across Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data came from 3 years (2011\u201313) of the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2673 participants who injected drugs from the combined national IDRS samples of 2011 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0868), 2012 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0922) and 2013 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0883).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to summarize participants' self\u2010reported use of 18 types of substances, with the resulting polysubstance use profiles then associated with participant experience of a number of drug\u2010related outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polysubstance use profiles exhibiting a broad range of substance use were generally at increased risk of negative drug\u2010related outcomes, whether or not participants were receiving OST, including thrombosis among OST receivers [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a02.13, 95% confidence intervals (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.09\u20134.17], injecting with used needles among OST receivers and non\u2010receivers, respectively (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.78, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.50\u20135.13; OR\u00a0=\u00a02.15, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.34\u20133.45) and violent criminal offences among OST receivers and non\u2010receivers, respectively (OR =2.30, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.16\u20134.58; OR\u00a0=\u00a01.87, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.14\u20133.07). An important exception was non\u2010fatal overdose which was related specifically to a class of PWID who were not receiving OST and used morphine frequently (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.83, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.06\u20133.17)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regardless of opioid substitution therapies usage, people who inject drugs who use a broad\u2010range of substances experience greater levels of injecting\u2010related injuries and poorer health outcomes and are more likely to engage in criminal activity than other groups of people who inject drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T08:47:58Z","timestamp":1455007678000},"page":"1214-1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Differences in polysubstance use patterns and drug\u2010related outcomes between people who inject drugs receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Kim S.","family":"Betts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health The University of Queensland  Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Substance Abuse University of Queensland  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fairlie","family":"McIlwraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QADREC, School of Population Health Building University of Queensland  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MacFarlane Burnet Institute for Medical and Public Health Research  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Centre University of New South Wales  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Centre University of New South Wales  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Alati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research University of Queensland  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7396.959"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","article-title":"Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence","volume":"3","author":"Mattick R. 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