{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:45:21Z","timestamp":1782834321967,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV has reached high prevalence in many non\u2010injecting drug user (NIDU) populations. The aims of this study were to (1) examine the trend in HIV prevalence among non\u2010injecting cocaine and heroin NIDUs in New York City, (2) identify factors potentially associated with the trend and (3) estimate HIV incidence among NIDUs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serial\u2010cross sectional surveys of people entering drug treatment programs. People were permitted to participate only once per year, but could participate in multiple years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mount Sinai Beth Israel drug treatment programs in New York City, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 3298 non\u2010injecting cocaine and heroin users from 2005 to 2014. Participants were 78.7% male, 6.1% white, 25.7% Hispanic and 65.8% African American. Smoking crack cocaine was the most common non\u2010injecting drug practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trend tests were used to examine HIV prevalence, demographics, drug use, sexual behavior and use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) by calendar year; \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and multivariable logistic regression were used to compare 2005\u201310 versus 2011\u201314.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV prevalence declined approximately 1% per year (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), with a decline from 16% in 2005\u201310 to 8% in 2011\u201314 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The percentages of participants smoking crack and having multiple sexual partners declined and the percentage of HIV\u2010positive people on ART increased. HIV incidence among repeat participants was 1.2 per 1000 person\u2010years (95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a00.03\/1000\u20137\/1000).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV prevalence has declined and a high percentage of HIV\u2010positive non\u2010injecting drug users (NIDUs) are receiving antiretroviral treatment, suggesting an end to the HIV epidemic among NIDUs in New York City. These results can be considered a proof of concept that it is possible to control non\u2010injecting drug use related sexual transmission HIV epidemics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,10]],"date-time":"2016-09-10T13:49:32Z","timestamp":1473515372000},"page":"290-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["What happened to the HIV epidemic among non\u2010injecting drug users in New York City?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Don C.","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Arasteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Feelemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee N. 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