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This paper aimed to estimate the costs of crime during and after periods of engagement in publicly funded treatment for OUD to compare total costs of crime during a hypothetical 6\u2010month period following initiation of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) versus detoxification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, administrative data\u2010based cohort study with comprehensive information on drug treatment and criminal justice systems interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publicly funded drug treatment facilities in California, USA (2006\u201310).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 31\u2009659 individuals admitted for the first time to treatment for OUD, and who were linked with criminal justice and mortality data, were followed during a median 2.3\u00a0years. Median age at first treatment admission was 32, 35.8% were women and 37.1% primarily used prescription opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daily costs of crime (US$2014) were calculated from a societal perspective and were composed of the costs of policing, court, corrections and criminal victimization. We estimated the average marginal effect of treatment engagement in OAT or detoxification adjusting for potential fixed and time\u2010varying confounders, including drug use and criminal justice system involvement prior to treatment initiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daily costs of crime during treatment compared with after treatment were $126 lower for OAT [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a0$116, $136] and $144 lower for detoxification (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0$135, $154). Summing the costs of crime during and after treatment over a hypothetical 6\u2010month period using the observed median durations of OAT (161\u00a0days) and detoxification (19\u00a0days), we estimated that enrolling an individual in OAT as opposed to detoxification would save $17\u2009550 ($16\u2009840, $18\u2009383).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In publicly funded drug treatment facilities in California, USA, engagement in treatment for opioid use disorders is associated with lower costs of crime in the 6\u00a0months following initiation of treatment, and the economic benefits were far greater for individuals receiving time\u2010unlimited treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T07:16:09Z","timestamp":1481958969000},"page":"838-851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The costs of crime during and after publicly funded treatment for opioid use disorders: a population\u2010level study for the state of California"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Krebs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Urada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih\u2010Ing","family":"Hser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program  Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12863"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7503.1297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110669"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9345157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment as a crime control measure [Letter, see comments]","volume":"312","author":"Hall W.","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","article-title":"Reduction in crime by drug users on a methadone maintenance therapy programme in New Zealand","volume":"117","author":"Sheerin I.","year":"2004","journal-title":"NZ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558401166009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS).Addressing Prescription Drug Abuse in the United States: Current Activities and Future Opportunities. 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