{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:52:09Z","timestamp":1788393129165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]],"date-time":"2017-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]],"date-time":"2017-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32AA024664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32AA024664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The full burden of the opioid epidemic on US hospitals has not been described. We aimed to estimate how heroin (HOD) and prescription opioid (POD) overdose\u2010associated admissions, costs, outcomes and patient characteristics have changed from 2001 to 2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study of hospital admissions from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>United States of America.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital admissions in patients aged 18\u00a0years or older admitted with a diagnosis of HOD or POD. The NIS sample included 94\u2009492\u2009438 admissions from 2001 to 2012. The final unweighted study sample included 138\u2009610 admissions (POD: 122\u2009147 and HOD: 16\u2009463).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes were rates of admissions per 100\u2009000 people using US Census Bureau annual estimates. Other outcomes included in\u2010patient mortality, hospital length\u2010of\u2010stay, cumulative and mean hospital costs and patient demographics. All analyses were weighted to provide national estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2001 and 2012, an estimated 663\u2009715 POD and HOD admissions occurred nation\u2010wide. HOD admissions increased 0.11 per 100\u2009000 people per year [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.04, 0.17], while POD admissions increased 1.25 per 100\u2009000 people per year (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.15, 1.34). Total in\u2010patient costs increased by $4.1 million dollars per year (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.7, 5.5) for HOD admissions and by $46.0 million dollars per year (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a043.1, 48.9) for POD admissions, with an associated increase in hospitalization costs to more than $700 million annually. The adjusted odds of death in the POD group declined modestly per year [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a00.98, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.97, 0.99], with no difference in HOD mortality or length\u2010of\u2010stay. Patients with POD were older, more likely to be female and more likely to be white compared with HOD patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rates and costs of heroin and prescription opioid overdose related admissions in the United States increased substantially from 2001 to 2012. The rapid and ongoing rise in both numbers of hospitalizations and their costs suggests that the burden of POD may threaten the infrastructure and finances of US hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T01:16:45Z","timestamp":1486948605000},"page":"1558-1564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Hospitalizations, costs and outcomes associated with heroin and prescription opioid overdoses in the United States 2001\u201312"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen P.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer P.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Mukamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).World Drug Report 2012. United Nations Publication. Report no.: Sales no. E. 12.XI.1. Vienna Austria: UNODC;2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1980\u20132008","volume":"81","author":"Warner M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug\u2010poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics: United States, 1999\u20132011","volume":"166","author":"Chen L. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug\u2010poisoning deaths involving heroin: United States, 2000\u20132013","volume":"190","author":"Hedegaard H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054496"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","unstructured":"WeissA. ElixhauserA. BarrettM. SteinerC. A. BaileyM. K. O'MalleyL.Opioid\u2010related inpatient stays and emergency department visits by state 2009\u20132014. HCUP Statistical Brief. Rockville MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1424"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491412900507"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.HCUP cost\u2010to\u2010charge ratio (CCR) files. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Rockville MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality;2001\u20132011."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","unstructured":"US Bureau of Economic Analysis.National Income and product account tables Table 1.1.4 Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product [Internet]. Available at:https:\/\/www.bea.gov\/iTable\/iTable.cfm?ReqID=9&step=1#reqid=9&step=3&isuri=1&904=2001&903=4&906=a&905=2012&910=x&911=0(accessed 23 September 2015) (Archived athttp:\/\/www.webcitatoin.org\/6ocOW72DYon 29 February 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011117.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000193"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.13795","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.13795","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.13795","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.13795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:23:01Z","timestamp":1780982581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.13795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.13795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13795","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-02-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}