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A key aspect of precision medicine is the identification of biomarkers that predict the response to medications (i.e. pharmacogenetics). We examined why, despite the great strides that have been made in biomarker identification in many areas of medicine, only in oncology has there been substantial progress in their clinical implementation. We also considered why progress in this effort has lagged in addiction medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the development of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in oncology, cardiovascular medicine (where developments are also promising) and addictive disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The first major reason for the success of oncologic pharmacogenetics is ready access to tumor tissue, which allows <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> testing and insights into cancer biology. The second major reason is funding, with cancer research receiving, by far, the largest allocation by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the past two decades. The second largest allocation of research funding has gone to cardiovascular disease research. Addictions research received a much smaller NIH funding allocation, despite the major impact that tobacco use, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use have on the public health and healthcare costs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Greater support for research on the personalized treatment of addictive disorders can be expected to yield disproportionately large benefits to the public health and substantial reductions in healthcare costs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]],"date-time":"2017-04-21T23:36:49Z","timestamp":1492817809000},"page":"2086-2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Precision medicine and pharmacogenetics: what does oncology have that addiction medicine does not?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Henry R.","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center Crescenz VAMC  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel V.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center Crescenz VAMC  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schnoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaf","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Greenstreet\u2010Akman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.4\/kevers"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1006304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1503104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenomics: Premarket Evaluation in Early\u2010Phase Clinical Studies and Recommendations for Labeling","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.8.992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.Table of pharmacogenomic biomarkers in drug labeling. 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