{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:49:42Z","timestamp":1785473382107,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research has shown that internet interventions can be effective for dependent users of various substances. However, less is known about the effects of these interventions on users of opioids, cocaine and amphetamines than for other substances. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of internet interventions in decreasing the usage of these types of substances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic literature search in the databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of internet interventions compared with control conditions in reducing the use of opioids, cocaine and amphetamines. No setting restrictions were applied. The risk of bias of the included studies was examined according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool. The primary outcome was substance use reduction assessed through toxicology screening, self\u2010report or both at post\u2010treatment and at the follow\u2010up assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventeen studies with 2836 adult illicit substance users were included. The risk of bias varied across the included studies. Internet interventions decreased significantly opioid [four studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0606, g\u00a0=\u00a00.36; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.20\u20130.53,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001] and any illicit substance use (nine studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01749, g\u00a0=\u00a00.35; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.24\u20130.45,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) at post\u2010treatment. Conversely, the effect of internet intervention for stimulant users was small and non\u2010significant (four studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0481,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.164). Overall, internet interventions decreased substance significantly use at post\u2010treatment (17 studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02836, g\u00a0=\u00a00.31; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.23\u20130.39,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and at the follow\u2010up assessments (nine studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01906, g\u00a0=\u00a00.22; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.07\u20130.37;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internet interventions demonstrate small but significant effects in decreasing substance use among various target populations at post\u2010treatment and at the follow\u2010up assessment. However, given the small number of available studies for certain substances, the findings should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T14:56:09Z","timestamp":1489157769000},"page":"1521-1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Internet interventions for adult illicit substance users: a meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Boumparis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Karyotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO, Institute of Health Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, associated to the University of Zurich  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pim","family":"Cuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO, Institute of Health Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heleen","family":"Riper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO, Institute of Health Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Community Mental Health Centre GGZ inGeest  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116820"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"World Drug Report [internet]","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society","author":"National Drug Intelligence Center","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Cost and financing of drug treatment services in Europe: An exploratory study [internet]","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"The health care and fiscal costs of the illicit drug use epidemic: the impact of conventional drug control strategies","volume":"45","author":"Wood E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"B C Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2013.759031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01311.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111851"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4073\/csr.2011.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables [Internet]","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBSHQ)","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v29n01_06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Results From the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings [internet]","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00201.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1695"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S101660"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.MR000026.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2012.723317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13081055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Meta\u2010Analysis","author":"Hedges L. V.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"DupontR. L.Creating a New Standard for Addiction Treatment Outcomes. [internet]. Rockville MD: Institute for Behavior and Health Inc.;2014Available at:http:\/\/www.williamwhitepapers.com\/pr\/IBH%20Creating%20a%20New%20Standard%20for%20Addiction%20Treatment%20Outcomes%202014.pdf(accessed 26 June 2016) (Archived athttp:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6pCV0iOJL)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","volume-title":"Practical Meta\u2010Analysis","author":"Lipsey M. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22<3127::AID-SIM784>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016597"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to Meta\u2010Analysis. 1","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39343.408449.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","volume-title":"HETEROGI: Stata module to quantify heterogeneity in a meta\u2010analysis","author":"Orsini N.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","volume-title":"Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society","author":"Levinthal C. F.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.1. 0 (updated March 2011)","author":"Higgins J. P. T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Group.The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (Assist): Development Reliability and Feasibility.Geneva: WHO; 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.16.2.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.3278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111835"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Assessing Alcohol Problems: a Guide for Clinicians and Researchers Treatment Handbook Series 4","author":"Allen J. P.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","first-page":"320","article-title":"The use of emerging technologies in alcohol treatment","volume":"33","author":"Cunningham J. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9089-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/jcop.2005.19.3.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01581.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246580001643X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","volume-title":"A Cognitive\u2013Behavioral Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction [internet]","author":"Carroll K. M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","volume-title":"Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse [internet]","author":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2015.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.521066"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.13819","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.13819","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.13819","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.13819","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:22:55Z","timestamp":1780982575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.13819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.13819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13819","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}