{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:38:48Z","timestamp":1790221128142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA032059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA032059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI094189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite extensive research on HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) among people who inject drugs (PWID), there remains a gap in knowledge on the burden among women who inject drugs and their unique contexts and risk factors. This analysis compares HIV and HCV prevalence in female and male PWID and estimates injection and sexual risk correlates of prevalent HIV and HCV infection among women in Northeast India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional sample accrued using respondent\u2010driven sampling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven cities in Northeast India, 2013.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 6457 adult PWID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed an interviewer\u2010administered survey. HIV infection was diagnosed on\u2010site and HCV antibody testing was performed on stored specimens. HIV and HCV prevalence estimates were stratified by gender. Among women, the association of risk correlates with HIV and HCV were estimated using multi\u2010level logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 796 (15.9%) of the PWID were women, of whom 52.9% [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a049.3\u201356.5%] were HIV\u2010infected and 22.3% (CI\u00a0=\u00a019.9\u201324.7%) were HCV\u2010infected. HIV and HCV prevalence among men was 17.4% (CI\u00a0=\u00a016.9\u201324.7%) and 30.4% (CI\u00a0=\u00a031.2\u201332.0%), respectively. Among women, correlates of HIV were widowhood [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) versus currently married\u00a0=\u00a04.03, CI\u00a0=\u00a02.13\u20137.60] and a higher number of life\u2010time sexual partners (aOR \u22658 versus none\u00a0=\u00a03.08, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.07\u20138.86). Correlates of HCV were longer injection duration (aOR per 10 years\u00a0=\u00a01.70, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.25\u20132.27), injecting only heroin and a combination of drugs (aOR versus pharmaceuticals only\u00a0=\u00a05.63, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.68\u201318.9 and aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.58, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.60\u20134.16, respectively), sharing needles\/syringes (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.46, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.29\u20134.56) and a larger PWID network (aOR \u2265\u00a051 versus 1\u20135\u00a0=\u00a04.17, CI\u00a0=\u00a02.43\u20137.17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women who inject drugs in Northeast India have a high HIV prevalence, which was more than double their hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence, an opposite pattern than is observed typically among male PWID. HIV infection is associated with sexual risk factors while injection\u2010related behaviors appear to drive HCV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T03:26:47Z","timestamp":1489980407000},"page":"1480-1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epidemiology of HIV and hepatitis C infection among women who inject drugs in Northeast India: a respondent\u2010driven sampling study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison M.","family":"McFall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil S.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg M.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Celentano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aylur K.","family":"Srikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muniratnam S.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti H.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7156.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"889","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection","volume":"165","author":"Patrick D. 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