{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:59:10Z","timestamp":1780984750728,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper traces the history of the narcotic clinic in New Orleans, Louisiana, comparing its merits to a similar clinic in Shreveport. How do the clinics compare, and why did the Shreveport clinic operate for longer than its New Orleans counterpart?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative analysis of contemporary medical journals and newspapers, as well as archival materials from the Narcotic Division. In addition, the records of Louisiana Governor John M. Parker, the papers of Dr Willis P. Butler in Shreveport, as well as the records of the Orleans Parish Medical Society have been utilized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The narcotic clinic in Shreveport benefited from strong local support, while the New Orleans clinic faced a more vocal opposition. In addition, the Shreveport clinic offered a broad array of services and was a pillar of the community; the New Orleans clinic was newly established and offered fewer services. It was especially the influx of out\u2010of\u2010state addicts that angered many New Orleanians, many of whom witnessed the addicts lined up in the French Quarter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effectiveness of the narcotic clinics in Louisiana (1919\u201323) was influenced by local opinion. The New Orleans clinic faced a tougher political climate than its counterpart in Shreveport, and therefore proved less resilient in the face of federal opposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T10:36:40Z","timestamp":1494585400000},"page":"1680-1685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The narcotic clinic in New Orleans, 1919\u201321"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Amund","family":"Tallaksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195125092.003.0007","volume-title":"The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control","author":"Musto D. F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Morphine Maintenance: The Shreveport Clinic, 1919\u20131923","author":"Waldorf D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Willis Butler and the Shreveport narcotic clinic, 1919\u20131923: a personal narrative","volume":"1","author":"Courtwright D. T.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Social Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"One Hundred Years of Heroin","author":"White W. L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"SwordsM. W.toBenderJ. O.Box 5 record group (RG) 170. College Park MD: National Archives and Records Administration;1919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Orleans is seat of drug traffic prober declares. New OrleansTimes\u2010Picayune.1918."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Report of narcotic survey of the state of Louisiana","volume":"2","author":"Simon C.","year":"1926","journal-title":"Quarterly Bulletin, Louisiana State Board of Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Abstract from General letter of Hon. Daniel C. Roper","volume":"1","year":"1919","journal-title":"Quarterly Bulletin, Louisiana State Board of Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Wholesale gifts to drug addicts by state denied. New OrleansTimes\u2010Picayune.1919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"A resume of facts and deductions obtained by the operation of a narcotic dispensary","volume":"1","author":"Swords M. W.","year":"1920","journal-title":"Am Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Quoted in Swords M. W. to Bender J. O. Box 5 RG 1701919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"DowlingO.toWolkoF. H.Folder 2155 box 40 Willis P. Butler papers (Noel Memorial Library Louisiana State University\u2014Shreveport)1919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Tapering off doses given. New OrleansTimes\u2010Picayune.1919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"SimsP.Breadlines for dope addicts here net kick\u2014but no cure. New OrleansStates\u2010Item.1965."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"A social study of eighty\u2010five delinquent women","volume":"2","author":"Scott L. C.","year":"1921","journal-title":"Quarterly Bulletin, Louisiana State Board of Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Louisiana Board of Health, statistical report","volume":"4","author":"Swords A. W.","year":"1919","journal-title":"New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"502","article-title":"Common sense in drug control","volume":"5","author":"Kearney P. W.","year":"1921","journal-title":"American City"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Qualifies Swords' drug victim clinic as only system. New OrleansTimes\u2010Picayune.1919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"TaylorT. J.toAdkinsJ. M.Box 5 RG 1701919."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"HarrisE. E.(undated): Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Resolutions of the Louisiana state Board of Health. May 1 1920 Box 5 RG 170."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"Nephew of Senator held as drug addict. New OrleansItem.1920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Narcotic drugs and crime","volume":"1","author":"Stanley L. L.","year":"1921","journal-title":"J Crim Law Criminol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"EdlerW.toNuttL. G.Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"StringfellowR. L.toDowlingO.Folder 2155 Box 40 Willis P. Butler papers1920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America before 1965","author":"Courtwright D. T.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"Number of drug addicts in Shreveport greatly reduced. ShreveportJournal.1920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"NuttL. G.toTruxtunW. T.Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","unstructured":"KramerJ. F.toDowlingO.Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","unstructured":"Drug dispensary to go upon trial by health board. New OrleansTimes\u2010Picayune.1920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","unstructured":"DowlingO.toSwordsM. W.Folder 270 box 21 John M. Parker papers (Southern Historical Collection at the Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)1920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"TruxtunW. T.toNuttL. G.Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","unstructured":"BlissD. S.toTruxtunW. T.Box 5 RG 1701921."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"ParkerJ. M.toKramerJ. F.Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","unstructured":"TruxtunW. T.toGatesD. A.Box 5 RG 1701920."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Part 2\u2014Dr. Nyswander","volume":"19","author":"Narcotic Addiction","year":"1957","journal-title":"Mod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"650","article-title":"A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction","volume":"8","author":"Dole V. P.","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","unstructured":"Two officials to push methadone drug cure program in Orleans. New OrleansStates\u2010Item.1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Narcotic Addiction in the State of Louisiana: The Dilemma, The Solution","author":"Scrignar C. B.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812203486"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","unstructured":"GiordanoH. L.toRichardsB. F.Box 97 RG 1701968."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","unstructured":"KittredgeW. E.toNixJ. T.Box 13 the Orleans Parish medical Society records (the Louisiana Research Collection at the Howard\u2010Tilton Memorial Library Tulane University).1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03150260099022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","unstructured":"N.Y. Drug addict aid praised.New Orleans:Times\u2010Picayune;1968."}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.13867","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.13867","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.13867","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.13867","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:22:18Z","timestamp":1780982538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.13867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.13867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13867","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}