{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:10:13Z","timestamp":1791825013155,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA036414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA036414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Examination of longitudinal relationships between childhood traumatic experiences and drug use across the life\u2010course at the national level, with control of confounding by other forms of trauma, is needed. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of nine typologies of childhood traumas and the cumulative number experienced, correlation between traumas and associations between individual and cumulative number of traumas with drug use during adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary data analysis using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationally representative sample of individuals in grades 7\u201312 (aged 11\u201321 years) during 1994\u201395, who were re\u2010interviewed during emerging adulthood (2001\u201302; aged 18\u201328) and adulthood (2007\u201308; aged 24\u201334). The analytical sample comprised 12\u2009288 participants with data at all three waves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine typologies of childhood traumas: neglect; emotional, physical and sexual abuse; parental incarceration and binge drinking; and witnessing, being threatened with and experiencing violence. Indicators of each were summed to measure cumulative dose. Outcomes were marijuana and cocaine use during adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately half experienced at least one childhood trauma; traumas were not highly correlated. We observed a dose\u2013response relationship between the number of traumas and drug use in adolescence [marijuana, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) one trauma versus none\u00a0=\u00a01.65, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.42, 1.92; two traumas\u00a0=\u00a02.58, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.17, 3.06; \u2265\u00a0four traumas\u00a0=\u00a06.92, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a05.17, 9.26; cocaine, aOR one trauma\u00a0=\u00a01.87, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.23, 2.84; two traumas\u00a0=\u00a02.80, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.74, 4.51; \u2265\u00a0four traumas\u00a0=\u00a09.54, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a05.93, 15.38]. Similar dose\u2013response relationships with drug use were observed in emerging adulthood and adulthood. Each individual trauma was associated independently with either marijuana or cocaine use in adolescence, emerging adulthood and\/or adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood trauma is prevalent in the United States, and individual types as well as the total number experienced are associated significantly with marijuana and cocaine use throughout the life\u2010course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T23:46:40Z","timestamp":1498261600000},"page":"44-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Childhood traumatic experiences and the association with marijuana and cocaine use in adolescence through adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy D.","family":"Scheidell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"McGorray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Christopher","family":"Frueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Hawaii  Hilo HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha N.","family":"Beharie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Cottler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug and Health: Summary of National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"STD control in drug users and street youth","volume":"73","author":"Hoek A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260711"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"760","article-title":"Substance\u2010abuse and the domestic assault of women","volume":"40","author":"Bennett L. 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