{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T05:46:44Z","timestamp":1769147204316,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011310","name":"Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Scotland, hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination for all prisoners was introduced in 1999; here, we examine the impact of this programme among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the community. This study aimed to compare rates of HBV vaccine uptake before and after implementation of the prison programme and to estimate the determinants of vaccine uptake, the levels of ever\/current HBV infection and the associations between vaccine uptake and ever\/current HBV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data collected via serial cross\u2010sectional surveys were used to compare the proportion who reported being vaccinated over time. For the 2013\u201314 survey, rates of ever\/current HBV infection were calculated and the associations between vaccine uptake and ever\/current HBV infection were examined using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Services providing injecting equipment and drug treatment and street sites in Glasgow (1993\u20132002) and throughout Scotland (2008\u201314).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than 10\u00a0000 PWID in total were recruited in the surveys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants completed a questionnaire (all years) to ascertain self\u2010reported vaccine uptake and provided a blood spot (in 2013\u201314), tested for HBV core antibodies (anti\u2010HBc) and surface antigen (HBsAg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among recent\u2010onset PWID in Glasgow, vaccine uptake increased from 16% in 1993 to 59% in 2008\u201314 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Among all PWID in Scotland, uptake increased further from 71% in 2008\u201309 to 77% in 2013\u201314 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and was associated with incarceration [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a02.91, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a02.23\u20133.79]. The prevalence of anti\u2010HBc and HBsAg in Scotland was 2.6 and 0.3%, respectively, among PWID who had commenced injecting in the decade since the programme's introduction. Vaccination was associated with reduced odds of ever (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.60, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.37\u20130.97) and current (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.40, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.16\u20130.97) HBV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Scotland, uptake of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the community has increased since the 1999 introduction of universal prison vaccination, and current levels of HBV infection among PWID are low compared with other European countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]],"date-time":"2017-07-15T12:46:37Z","timestamp":1500122797000},"page":"80-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Association between universal hepatitis B prison vaccination, vaccine uptake and hepatitis B infection among people who inject drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norah E.","family":"Palmateer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Blood\u2010borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section Health Protection Scotland  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Blood\u2010borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section Health Protection Scotland  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media, Culture and Society University of the West of Scotland  Paisley UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avril","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media, Culture and Society University of the West of Scotland  Paisley UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood\u2010borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section Health Protection Scotland  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley A.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood\u2010borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section Health Protection Scotland  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Partnership Eastwood Health and Care Centre  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rory N.","family":"Gunson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Blood\u2010borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section Health Protection Scotland  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/603a2a94-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016\u20132021","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Global Health Sector Strategies for HIV Viral Hepatitis STIs 2016\u20102021. 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