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Methadone maintenance treatment was the primary independent variable and was treated as a time\u2010varying exposure. Each participant's follow\u2010up (mean: 8\u00a0years) was divided into medicated (methadone was dispensed) and non\u2010medicated (methadone was not dispensed) periods with mean durations of 3.3 and 4.6\u00a0years, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socio\u2010demographics of participants were examined along with the main outcomes of violent and non\u2010violent offences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the first 2 years of treatment (\u2264\u00a02.0\u00a0years), periods in which methadone was dispensed were associated with a 33% lower rate of violent crime [0.67 adjusted hazard ratio (AHR), 95% confidence intervals (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.59, 0.76] and a 35% lower rate of non\u2010violent crime (0.65 AHR, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.62, 0.69) compared with non\u2010medicated periods. This equates to a risk difference of 3.6 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.6, 4.4) and 37.2 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a033.0, 40.4) fewer violent and non\u2010violent offences per 100 person\u2010years, respectively. Significant but smaller protective effects of dispensed methadone were observed across longer treatment intervals (2.0 to \u2264\u00a05.0\u00a0years, 5.0 to \u2264\u00a010.0\u00a0years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among a cohort of Canadian offenders, rates of violent and non\u2010violent offending were lower during periods when individuals were dispensed methadone compared with periods in which they were not dispensed methadone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,7]],"date-time":"2017-10-07T13:32:47Z","timestamp":1507383167000},"page":"656-667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Associations between methadone maintenance treatment and crime: a 17\u2010year longitudinal cohort study of Canadian provincial offenders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Russolillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akm","family":"Moniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence C.","family":"McCandless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian M.","family":"Somers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260803800211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196906192802502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9345157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"620","article-title":"The effectiveness of drug treatment programs in reducing criminal behavior: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"18","author":"Holloway K. 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