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Before Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and the 1980s panic of \u201ccrack babies,\u201d turn\u2010of\u2010the\u2010century American medical journals discussed infants born to drug\u2010using mothers. This paper aimed to determine whether women who used drugs while pregnant in early twentieth\u2010century America were subject to the stigma many face today.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Records from early twentieth century medical journals, narcotic maintenance clinics, prisons that held drug users, and conferences on narcotics were examined. Dr. Charles Terry's outspokenness on drug addiction and pregnancy merited closer examination of his work, particularly<jats:italic>The Opium Problem<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some physicians saw drug\u2010dependent newborns as scientific proof that addiction was a physiological disease and not subject to questions of morality. This theory was discarded in the 1920s. In that decade, beliefs that children born to drug\u2010using parents threatened national well\u2010being proliferated. Following formal medicine's retreat from addiction treatment, research on drug addiction and pregnancy fell into obscurity until decades later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The precedent that women who use drugs while pregnant deserve humane treatment extends to the early twentieth century in the US. From 1910 to 1930, perceptions of infants of drug\u2010using women changed from hopeful to fearful.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]],"date-time":"2017-11-11T09:46:36Z","timestamp":1510393596000},"page":"952-957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Opioid dependence and pregnancy in early twentieth\u2010century America"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1444-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Tauger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent scholar 1437 Dogwood Avenue Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Wasted Looks: Addiction and British Visual Culture 1751\u20131919","author":"Skelly J.","year":"2014"},{"volume-title":"Cracked Coverage: Television News, The Anti\u2010Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy","year":"1994","author":"Reeves J.","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Substance abuse in Canada: licit and illicit drug use during pregnancy: maternal, neonatal and early childhood consequences","volume":"67","author":"Finnegan L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can Centre Subs Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822375180"},{"volume-title":"Creating the American Junkie: Addiction Research in the Classic Era of Narcotic Control","year":"2002","author":"Jean Acker C.","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195125092.001.0001","volume-title":"The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control","author":"Musto D.","year":"1999"},{"volume-title":"Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America","year":"1982","author":"Courtwright D. 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