{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:42:41Z","timestamp":1789342961423,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the over\u2010representation of people with gambling problems in mental health populations, there is limited information available to guide the selection of brief screening instruments within mental health services. The primary aim was to compare the classification accuracy of nine brief problem gambling screening instruments (two to five items) with a reference standard among patients accessing mental health services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>The classification accuracy of nine brief screening instruments was compared with multiple cut\u2010off scores on a reference standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight mental health services in Victoria, Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 837 patients were recruited consecutively between June 2015 and January 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The brief screening instruments were the Lie\/Bet Questionnaire, Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS) (two\u2010 to five\u2010item versions), NODS\u2010CLiP, NODS\u2010CLiP2, Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen (BBGS) and NODS\u2010PERC. The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) was the reference standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The five\u2010item BPGS was the only instrument displaying satisfactory classification accuracy in detecting any level of gambling problem (low\u2010risk, moderate\u2010risk or problem gambling) (sensitivity\u00a0=\u00a00.803, specificity\u00a0=\u00a00.982, diagnostic efficiency\u00a0=\u00a00.943). Several shorter instruments adequately detected both problem and moderate\u2010risk, but not low\u2010risk, gambling: two three\u2010item instruments (NODS\u2010CLiP, three\u2010item BPGS) and two four\u2010item instruments (NODS\u2010PERC, four\u2010item BPGS) (sensitivity\u00a0=\u00a00.854\u20130.966, specificity\u00a0=\u00a00.901\u20130.954, diagnostic efficiency\u00a0=\u00a00.908\u20130.941). The four\u2010item instruments, however, did not provide any considerable advantage over the three\u2010item instruments. Similarly, the very brief (two\u2010item) instruments (Lie\/Bet and two\u2010item BPGS) adequately detected problem gambling (sensitivity\u00a0=\u00a00.811\u20130.868, specificity\u00a0=\u00a00.938\u20130.943, diagnostic efficiency\u00a0=\u00a00.933\u20130.934), but not moderate\u2010risk or low\u2010risk gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal brief screening instrument for mental health services wanting to screen for any level of gambling problem is the five\u2010item Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS). Services wanting to employ a shorter instrument or to screen only for more severe gambling problems (moderate\u2010risk\/problem gambling) can employ the NODS\u2010CLiP or the three\u2010item BPGS. Services that are only able to accommodate a very brief instrument can employ the Lie\/Bet Questionnaire or the two\u2010item BPGS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T10:30:24Z","timestamp":1514111424000},"page":"1088-1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Screening for problem gambling within mental health services: a comparison of the classification accuracy of brief instruments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicki A.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Graduate School of Education University of Melbourne  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