{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:10Z","timestamp":1787013790959,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F31-DA039708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-DA039708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DA033296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA033296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether diminished alternative reinforcement (i.e. engagement and enjoyment from substance\u2010free activities) mediated the longitudinal association of conduct problems with substance use in early\u2013mid\u2010adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural equation modeling tested whether the association between wave 1 (baseline) conduct problems and wave 3 (24\u2010month follow\u2010up) substance use outcomes was mediated by diminished alternative reinforcement at wave 2 (12\u2010month follow\u2010up). Additional analyses tested whether sex and socio\u2010economic status moderated this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten high schools in Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2013\u201315.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Students (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03396, 53.5% female, mean [standard deviation (SD)] age at wave 1 baseline\u00a0=\u00a014.1 (0.42) years).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self\u2010reported conduct problems (11\u2010item questionnaire), alternative reinforcement (44\u2010item questionnaire) and use of alcohol, marijuana and combustible cigarettes during the past 6 months (yes\/no) and the past 30 days (nine\u2010level ordinal response based on days used in past 30 days).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant associations of wave 1 conduct problems with wave 3 marijuana use during the past 6\u00a0months (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.25) and past 30\u00a0days (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.26) were mediated by wave 2 diminished alternative reinforcement (\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>indirect effect<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 6\u00a0months\u00a0=\u00a00.013, 30\u00a0days\u00a0=\u00a00.017,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Associations of conduct problems with alcohol or combustible cigarette use were not mediated by alternative reinforcement. All associations did not differ by sex and socio\u2010economic status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diminished alternative reinforcement may be a modifiable mechanism linking early adolescent conduct problems and subsequent marijuana use that could be targeted in prevention programs to offset the adverse health and social sequelae associated with comorbid conduct problems and marijuana use in early\u2010mid adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,14]],"date-time":"2018-01-14T21:36:45Z","timestamp":1515965805000},"page":"1139-1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Diminished alternative reinforcement as a mechanism linking conduct problems and substance use in adolescence: a longitudinal examination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Rubin","family":"Khoddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3539-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20445"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10321-010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00446-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.1.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.4.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.3.592"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.13.2.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106286272"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.6.1224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1996.57.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.74.2.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0535-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00893.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00414"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449270"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13912"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.4.998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550100049038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975\u20132013: overview, key findings on adolescent drug use","author":"Johnston L. 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