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Our aims were to determine which combination of PDs trait scores best predict cannabis use (CU) and cannabis use disorder (CUD), and to estimate the size and significance of genetic and environmental risks in PD traits shared with CU and CUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linear mixed\u2010effects models were used to identify PD traits for inclusion in twin analyses to explore the genetic and environmental associations between the traits and cannabis use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional data were obtained from Norwegian adult twins in a face\u2010to\u2010face interview in 1999\u20132004 as part of a population\u2010based study of mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Subjects were 1419 twins (\u03bc\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a028.2\u00a0years, range\u00a0=\u00a019\u201336) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel with complete PD and cannabis data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD traits were assessed using DSM\u2010IV criteria. Life\u2010time CU and CUD were based on DSM\u2010IV abuse and dependence criteria, including withdrawal and craving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjusting for age and sex, antisocial [\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.23, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.19\u20130.28] and borderline PDs (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.20, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.14\u20130.26) were associated strongly with CU. Antisocial (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.26, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.21\u20130.31) and borderline PDs (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.12, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.06\u20130.18) were also linked strongly to CUD. Genetic risks in antisocial and borderline PD traits explained 32\u201360% of the total variance in CU and CUD. Dependent and avoidant PDs explained 11 and 16% of the total variance in CU and CUD, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual differences in the liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder appear to be linked to genetic risks correlated with antisocial and borderline personality disorder traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,3]],"date-time":"2018-03-03T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1520042200000},"page":"1488-1498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Associations between personality disorders and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: a population\u2010based twin study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8655-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Aggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"},{"name":"Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gun Peggy","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"South","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnar","family":"Nesv\u00e5g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eivind","family":"Ystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Norway"},{"name":"Section of Health, Developmental and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Norway"},{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy University of Oslo  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"},{"name":"Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Reichborn\u2010Kjennerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novelty seeking as a phenotypic marker of adolescent substance use","volume":"9","author":"Bidwell L. 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