{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:13:18Z","timestamp":1792678398136,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides an up\u2010to\u2010date curated source of information on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use and their associated mortality and burden of disease. Limitations in the data are also discussed, including how these can be addressed in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online data sources were identified through expert review. Data were obtained mainly from the World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2015, the estimated prevalence among the adult population was 18.4% for heavy episodic alcohol use (in the past 30\u00a0days); 15.2% for daily tobacco smoking; and 3.8, 0.77, 0.37 and 0.35% for past\u2010year cannabis, amphetamine, opioid and cocaine use, respectively. European regions had the highest prevalence of heavy episodic alcohol use and daily tobacco use. The age\u2010standardized prevalence of alcohol dependence was 843.2 per 100\u2009000 people; for cannabis, opioids, amphetamines and cocaine dependence it was 259.3, 220.4, 86.0 and 52.5 per 100\u2009000 people, respectively. High\u2010income North America region had among the highest rates of cannabis, opioid and cocaine dependence. Attributable disability\u2010adjusted life\u2010years (DALYs) were highest for tobacco smoking (170.9 million DALYs), followed by alcohol (85.0 million) and illicit drugs (27.8 million). Substance\u2010attributable mortality rates were highest for tobacco smoking (110.7 deaths per 100\u2009000 people), followed by alcohol and illicit drugs (33.0 and 6.9 deaths per 100\u2009000 people, respectively). Attributable age\u2010standardized mortality rates and DALYs for alcohol and illicit drugs were highest in eastern Europe; attributable age\u2010standardized tobacco mortality rates and DALYs were highest in Oceania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2015 alcohol use and tobacco smoking use between them cost the human population more than a quarter of a billion disability\u2010adjusted life years, with illicit drugs costing further tens of millions. Europeans suffered proportionately more, but in absolute terms the mortality rate was greatest in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries with large populations and where the quality of data was more limited. Better standardized and rigorous methods for data collection, collation and reporting are needed to assess more accurately the geographical and temporal trends in substance use and its disease burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T01:00:11Z","timestamp":1526000411000},"page":"1905-1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":918,"title":["Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Peacock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Psychology) University of Tasmania Hobart 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