{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:55:31Z","timestamp":1784213731397,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSERC CGSD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSERC CGSD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000050","name":"Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000050","name":"Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD studentship grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD studentship grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slot machines pose serious problems for a subset of gamblers. On multi\u2010line slots, many small credit returns are less than one's spin wager, resulting in a net loss to the player. These outcomes are called \u2018losses disguised as wins\u2019 (LDWs). We aimed to show that different proportions of LDWs could differentially affect gambling persistence (continuing to gamble despite financial loss), but that such LDW effects may depend on problem gambling symptomatology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gamblers were randomized to play 100 spins on a game with few, moderate or many LDWs (between\u2010subjects design), then continued playing for as long as they wished during (unbeknown to players) a losing streak (to measure gambling persistence).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A custom\u2010built casino in a gambling research laboratory in Waterloo, Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experienced gamblers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0132) with varying levels of problem gambling symptomatology from the Waterloo, Canada community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured the number of voluntary spins participants played (persistence) during the losing streak following the 100\u2010spin playing sessions. We measured problem gambling symptomatology using the Problem Gambling Severity Index, and classified them as non\u2010problem (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a053), low\u2010risk (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a055) or higher\u2010risk (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a024) gamblers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistence trends differed depending on LDW frequency and problem\u2010gambling status (interaction: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.037). High\u2010risk gamblers showed a \u2018sweet spot\u2019 for LDW reinforcement, persisting for longer in the moderate than few or many LDW games (quadratic trend across LDW games: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028). Non\u2010problem gamblers showed a linear trend across LDW games, gambling for longer in the few LDW game (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007). For low\u2010risk gamblers, the quadratic contrast was not significant, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.032.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multi\u2010line slots contain outcomes in which one gains less than the original wager (losses disguised as wins or LDWs). Moderate (versus few and high) proportions of LDWs appear to make higher\u2010risk players gamble for longer despite financial loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1533126065000},"page":"119-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Gambling despite financial loss\u2014the role of losses disguised as wins in multi\u2010line slots"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0486-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candice","family":"Graydon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  ON Canada"},{"name":"Gambling Research Laboratory, Research Stream University of Waterloo  ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike J.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  ON Canada"},{"name":"Gambling Research Laboratory, Research Stream University of Waterloo  ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Stange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  ON Canada"},{"name":"Gambling Research Laboratory, Research Stream University of Waterloo  ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Fugelsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  ON Canada"},{"name":"Gambling Research Laboratory, Research Stream University of Waterloo  ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03050.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2011.26.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2012.717635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9391-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9411-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9446-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9093-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.15.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index","author":"Ferris J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9300-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087426"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.14406","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.14406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T12:27:13Z","timestamp":1694780833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.14406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.14406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14406","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}