{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1782489083619,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine uptake following a large\u2010scale naloxone programme by estimating distribution rates since programme initiation and the proportion among a sample of high\u2010risk individuals who had attended naloxone training, currently possessed or had used naloxone. We also estimated the likelihood of naloxone possession and use as a function of programme duration, individual descriptive and substance use indicators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) Distribution data (June 2014\u2013August 2017) and date of implementation for each city and (2) a cross\u2010sectional study among a sample of illicit substance users interviewed September 2017.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven Norwegian cities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 497\u00a0recruited users of illegal opioids and\/or central stimulants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary outcomes: naloxone possession and use. Random\u2010intercepts logistic regression models (covariates: male, age, homelessness\/shelter use, overdose, incarceration, opioid maintenance treatment, income sources, substance use indicators, programme duration).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 4631 naloxone nasal sprays were distributed in the two pilot cities, with a cumulative rate of 495 per 100\u2009000 population. In the same two cities, among high\u2010risk individuals, 44% and 62% reported current naloxone possession. The possession rates of naloxone corresponded well to the duration of each participating city's distribution programme. Overall, in the six distributing cities, 58% reported naloxone training, 43% current possession and 15% naloxone use. The significant indicators for possession were programme duration [adjusted odds ratios (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a01.44, 95% confidence interval (CI\u00a0=\u00a00.82\u20132.37], female gender (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.97, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.20\u20133.24) and drug\u2010dealing (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.36, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.42\u20133.93). The significant indicators for naloxone use were programme duration (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.49 95%, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.15\u20131.92), homelessness\/shelter use (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.06, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.02\u20134.17), opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.07, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.13\u20133.78), drug\u2010dealing (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.40, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.27\u20134.54) and heroin injecting (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.13, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.04\u20134.38).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A large\u2010scale naloxone programme in seven Norwegian cities with a cumulative distribution rate of 495 per 100\u2009000 population indicated good saturation in a sample of high\u2010risk individuals, with programme duration in each city as an important indicator for naloxone possession and use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T15:16:28Z","timestamp":1534950988000},"page":"92-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Naloxone distribution and possession following a large\u2010scale naloxone programme"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4115-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desiree","family":"Madah\u2010Amiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linn","family":"Gjersing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6712a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"European Drug Report 2018: Trends and Developments.","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7044.1435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30656-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2014.981509"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Key Figures for the Population","author":"Statistics Norway","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"SkrettingA. 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